Fluoride
Joint Powers Water Board
Fluoride occurs naturally in surface and groundwater and is also added to drinking water by many water systems. Read More.
Fluoride has been promoted as a chemical that reduces dental cavities. Yet it is now well-established that fluoride primarily exerts its protective effects through topical mechanisms, such as sodium fluoride in toothpaste and mouthwash. In contrast, long-term ingestion of fluoride in water increases dental fluorosis, which includes mottling, pitting and weakening of the teeth. EPA's maximum legal limit is set at 4 parts per million (ppm) to prevent skeletal fluorosis, a condition where bones become brittle and more susceptible to fractures, although these effects may occur at lower doses.
Even fluoride levels of 0.7 ppm, the amount of fluoride in drinking water recommended by the U.S. Public Health Service, can result in too much fluoride for bottle-fed babies. EWG recommends that caregivers mix baby formula with fluoride-free water. The National Toxicology Program is investigating the potential for low doses of fluoride to alter thyroid function and childhood brain development.
Samples
Samples exceeding legal limit (MCL)
Samples exceeding
health guidelines
Testing results - average by year
| Year | Average result | Samples taken | Detections | Range of results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 0.618 ppm | 12 | 12 | 0.220 ppm - 1.20 ppm |
| 2015 | 1.05 ppm | 4 | 4 | 0.780 ppm - 1.20 ppm |
| 2016 | 0.660 ppm | 4 | 4 | 0.650 ppm - 0.680 ppm |
| 2017 | 0.695 ppm | 4 | 4 | 0.680 ppm - 0.710 ppm |
| 2018 | 0.663 ppm | 4 | 4 | 0.650 ppm - 0.680 ppm |
| 2019 | 0.678 ppm | 4 | 4 | 0.660 ppm - 0.690 ppm |
ppm = parts per million
State and national drinking water standards and health guidelines
EPA Maximum Contaminant
Level (MCL) 4 ppm
ppm = parts per million
All test results
| Date | Lab ID | Result |
|---|---|---|
| 2014-01-07 | 14A0165-01 | 1.000 ppm |
| 2014-01-29 | 14A0972-01 | 0.260 ppm |
| 2014-01-29 | 14A0973-03 | 0.260 ppm |
| 2014-01-29 | 14A0973-02 | 0.250 ppm |
| 2014-01-29 | 14A0973-01 | 0.260 ppm |
| 2014-01-29 | 14A0972-04 | 0.220 ppm |
| 2014-01-29 | 14A0972-03 | 0.280 ppm |
| 2014-01-29 | 14A0972-02 | 0.290 ppm |
| 2014-04-28 | 14D1780-01 | 1.20 ppm |
| 2014-07-07 | 14G0280-01 | 1.20 ppm |
| 2014-08-06 | 14H0649-01 | 1.10 ppm |
| 2014-11-04 | 14K0351-01 | 1.10 ppm |
| 2015-02-23 | 15B1048-01 | 1.10 ppm |
| 2015-04-28 | 15D1972-01 | 1.10 ppm |
| 2015-07-13 | 15G1014-01 | 1.20 ppm |
| 2015-10-27 | 15J1456-01 | 0.780 ppm |
| 2016-02-02 | 16B0279-01 | 0.650 ppm |
| 2016-04-20 | 16D1613-01 | 0.650 ppm |
| 2016-07-13 | 16G0737-01 | 0.660 ppm |
| 2016-11-14 | 16K0848-01 | 0.680 ppm |
| 2017-02-15 | 17B0941-01 | 0.680 ppm |
| 2017-05-24 | 17E2112-01 | 0.690 ppm |
| 2017-07-13 | 17G0864-01 | 0.700 ppm |
| 2017-11-28 | 17K1072-01 | 0.710 ppm |
| 2018-01-09 | 18A0145-01 | 0.660 ppm |
| 2018-05-22 | 18E1884-01 | 0.660 ppm |
| 2018-07-24 | 18G1577-01 | 0.680 ppm |
| 2018-10-31 | 18K0075-01 | 0.650 ppm |
| 2019-02-04 | 19B0105-01 | 0.680 ppm |
| 2019-04-30 | 19E0015-01 | 0.690 ppm |
| 2019-07-08 | 19G0265-01 | 0.680 ppm |
| 2019-10-07 | 19J0390-01 | 0.660 ppm |