Radium, combined (-226 & -228)
Status: National drinking water standard exists
Radium is a radioactive element that causes bone cancer and other cancers. It can occur naturally in groundwater, and oil and gas extraction activities such as hydraulic fracturing can elevate concentrations. Read More.
Radium releases radioactive particles that harm health in many ways, causing tumors in bone, lungs and other organs; leukemia; and skin and blood damage. Water utilities typically report radium amounts in picocuries per liter (pCi/L), which is a measure of radioactivity in water. The two most common forms of radium are radium-226 and radium-228. They may be reported separately or together.
Federal law allows up to 5 picocuries per liter of combined radium-226 and radium-228 in tap water. Research by the U.S. Geological Survey shows that in some regions of the country, such as the mid-continental region and North Atlantic coastal region, more than 20 percent of sampled wells have radium in levels exceeding the federal drinking water limit. And the legal limit does not equate safety: The EPA estimates that one in every 10,000 people drinking water containing radium at this level would develop cancer over a lifetime.
California set a public health goal much lower than the federal limit - 0.019 picocuries per liter of radium-226 and 0.05 picocuries per liter of radium-228, concentrations that are lower than the detection limit for most water tests.
2010-2015:
50
states detected
21,793
utilities detected
163 million
people served
31
states over legal limit
163
utilities over legal limit
334,000
people served over legal limit
Health concerns for radium, combined (-226 & -228)
Cancer
State and national drinking water standards and health guidelines
EPA Maximum Contaminant
Level (MCL) 5 pCi/L
The enforceable federal standard that defines the highest level of a contaminant allowed in drinking water.
pCi/L = picocuries per liter.
EPA Maximum Contaminant
Level Goal (MCLG)0 pCi/L
A non-enforceable federal health guideline. For cancer-causing chemicals, these health goals are typically set to zero.
pCi/L = picocuries per liter.
States reporting radium, combined (-226 & -228) in drinking water
| UTILITIES WITH CONTAMINATION | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| State | Utilities | People Served | |
| Texas | 3,478 | 22,547,883 | |
| California | 367 | 15,447,530 | |
| Florida | 826 | 14,437,733 | |
| Illinois | 1,478 | 11,031,187 | |
| Massachusetts | 441 | 8,895,257 | |
| New York | 824 | 6,074,275 | |
| Pennsylvania | 560 | 5,550,439 | |
| Michigan | 654 | 5,126,440 | |
| Arizona | 263 | 4,941,310 | |
| Colorado | 540 | 4,675,104 | |
| Virginia | 638 | 4,425,146 | |
| Tennessee | 289 | 4,226,947 | |
| Ohio | 412 | 4,181,563 | |
| Alabama | 335 | 3,885,925 | |
| Kentucky | 310 | 3,570,104 | |
| Georgia | 521 | 3,508,646 | |
| Maryland | 150 | 2,905,267 | |
| Utah | 345 | 2,767,617 | |
| North Carolina | 728 | 2,637,874 | |
| Nevada | 109 | 2,494,608 | |
| Minnesota | 428 | 2,174,440 | |
| New Jersey | 176 | 1,840,455 | |
| New Mexico | 486 | 1,808,395 | |
| Oklahoma | 640 | 1,679,179 | |
| Kansas | 520 | 1,675,705 | |
| Louisiana | 158 | 1,627,014 | |
| Wisconsin | 124 | 1,510,302 | |
| Iowa | 604 | 1,498,290 | |
| Arkansas | 385 | 1,275,704 | |
| Nebraska | 482 | 1,241,326 | |
| Mississippi | 282 | 1,119,148 | |
| Missouri | 413 | 1,100,600 | |
| West Virginia | 298 | 1,094,595 | |
| Indiana | 49 | 1,084,853 | |
| Washington | 381 | 1,068,467 | |
| Connecticut | 155 | 1,042,475 | |
| Idaho | 291 | 1,015,782 | |
| Delaware | 209 | 976,516 | |
| Oregon | 208 | 759,876 | |
| South Carolina | 155 | 662,838 | |
| New Hampshire | 477 | 656,050 | |
| Maine | 276 | 429,868 | |
| Wyoming | 243 | 407,151 | |
| North Dakota | 177 | 390,114 | |
| Montana | 323 | 362,612 | |
| Vermont | 246 | 341,373 | |
| Alaska | 176 | 188,178 | |
| South Dakota | 143 | 184,821 | |
| Rhode Island | 19 | 66,545 | |
| Hawaii | 1 | 270 | |
Utilities with the highest amounts of radium, combined (-226 & -228), 2010-2015
| Utility | Location | Tests | Average level | People served |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fayette Water Company | Manzanola, CO | 2 of 2 | 14.20 pCi/L | 75 |
| Country Acres Mobile Home Park (la Salle County) | Des Plaines, IL | 1 of 1 | 13.10 pCi/L | 295 |
| Valley Water Company | Manzanola, CO | 11 of 11 | 12.96 pCi/L | 270 |
| Live Oak Hills Subdivision | Llano, TX | 22 of 22 | 12.65 pCi/L | 60 |
| Cws Peachtree Acres | West Columbia, SC | 2 of 2 | 12.60 pCi/L | 138 |
| Eureka Water Company | Swink, CO | 4 of 4 | 12.48 pCi/L | 498 |
| Vroman Water Company | Manzanola, CO | 6 of 6 | 12.45 pCi/L | 125 |
| Ranch Water Service Inc. | Kingman, AZ | 16 of 16 | 12.11 pCi/L | 135 |
| South Swink Water Company | La Junta, CO | 9 of 9 | 12.01 pCi/L | 600 |
| South Silver Creek I II & III | Austin, TX | 4 of 4 | 11.73 pCi/L | 249 |
| Conroe Oaks | Katy, TX | 17 of 17 | 11.52 pCi/L | 90 |
| Waukesha Water Utility | Waukesha, WI | 3 of 3 | 10.68 pCi/L | 70,718 |
| Mountain Top Ws | Warm Springs, GA | 2 of 2 | 10.58 pCi/L | 117 |
| Signal Mountain Ranch Property Owners Water Company | Beulah, CO | 10 of 10 | 10.41 pCi/L | 66 |
| Ransom | Ransom, IL | 21 of 21 | 9.82 pCi/L | 483 |
| Lake Texoma Vfw Post 7873 | Pottsboro, TX | 24 of 24 | 9.73 pCi/L | 114 |
| Braidwood | Braidwood, IL | 5 of 5 | 9.64 pCi/L | 6,600 |
| Scarborough Gardens | Portland, ME | 1 of 1 | 9.55 pCi/L | 45 |
| City of Brady Water System* | Brady, TX | 59 of 59 | 9.25 pCi/L | 5,500 |
| Lakeland Services | Brady, TX | 10 of 10 | 9.07 pCi/L | 58 |
| Vista Verde Water Systems | Kirbyville, TX | 24 of 24 | 9.07 pCi/L | 111 |
| North Holbrook Water Company | Rocky Ford, CO | 6 of 6 | 9.05 pCi/L | 75 |
| Brookfield Water Utility | Brookfield, WI | 1 of 1 | 8.90 pCi/L | 29,070 |
| Holbrook Center Soft Wa | La Junta, CO | 6 of 6 | 8.78 pCi/L | 51 |
| Rockville Pipeline Company | Rockville, UT | 1 of 1 | 8.60 pCi/L | 240 |
| City of Melvin | Melvin, TX | 30 of 30 | 8.52 pCi/L | 300 |
| Terre Du Lac | Bonne Terre, MO | 18 of 18 | 8.28 pCi/L | 3,217 |
| Willowbank Colony | Edgeley, ND | 1 of 1 | 8.21 pCi/L | 95 |
| Pinwah Pines Estates | Pflugerville, TX | 16 of 16 | 7.96 pCi/L | 142 |
| Highland Court | Dallas, TX | 17 of 17 | 7.95 pCi/L | 90 |
* This water utility supplies finished drinking water to at least one other water utility. The purchasing utility is not required to test for or report Radium, combined (-226 & -228), but it likely has the contaminant in its water supply.
| Utility | Location | Tests | Average level | People served |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Waukesha Water Utility | Waukesha, WI | 3 of 3 | 10.68 pCi/L | 70,718 |
| Brookfield Water Utility | Brookfield, WI | 1 of 1 | 8.90 pCi/L | 29,070 |
| Andover | Andover, MN | 15 of 16 | 7.14 pCi/L | 19,310 |
| Bellevue Waterworks | Green Bay, WI | 1 of 2 | 7.08 pCi/L | 14,800 |
| Delta Charter Township | Lansing, MI | 21 of 21 | 6.39 pCi/L | 22,000 |
| Sussex Village Hall & Water Utility | Sussex, WI | 3 of 3 | 6.35 pCi/L | 10,573 |
| Fond Du Lac Waterworks | Fond Du Lac, WI | 10 of 10 | 5.57 pCi/L | 42,000 |
| Farmington* | Farmington, MO | 3 of 5 | 5.42 pCi/L | 16,318 |
| Inver Grove Heights* | Inver Grove Heights, MN | 9 of 9 | 4.97 pCi/L | 34,189 |
| Faribault | Faribault, MN | 1 of 1 | 4.90 pCi/L | 23,415 |
| Moore County Public Util. - Pinehurst* | Carthage, NC | 30 of 30 | 4.72 pCi/L | 19,368 |
| Galesburg* | Galesburg, IL | 7 of 7 | 4.61 pCi/L | 33,706 |
| Lugoff Elgin Water Authority | Lugoff, SC | 1 of 1 | 4.60 pCi/L | 18,984 |
| Clark Public Utilities* | Vancouver, WA | 1 of 2 | 4.60 pCi/L | 82,071 |
| Emerald Coast Utilities Authority* | Pensacola, FL | 11 of 11 | 4.45 pCi/L | 249,872 |
| Loves Park | Loves Park, IL | 48 of 48 | 4.39 pCi/L | 22,476 |
| Anoka* | Anoka, MN | 6 of 6 | 4.25 pCi/L | 17,243 |
| Peru | Peru, IL | 7 of 7 | 4.20 pCi/L | 11,000 |
| City of White Settlement | White Settlement, TX | 26 of 26 | 4.20 pCi/L | 15,483 |
| Marion Municipal Water Department* | Marion, IA | 10 of 10 | 4.18 pCi/L | 34,610 |
| Winona | Winona, MN | 3 of 3 | 4.13 pCi/L | 27,782 |
| Montgomery | Montgomery, IL | 12 of 12 | 4.11 pCi/L | 22,576 |
| Moorestown Water Department | Morrestown, NJ | 5 of 5 | 4.08 pCi/L | 19,000 |
| Milan Water Department | Milan, TN | 2 of 2 | 4.06 pCi/L | 10,289 |
| North Mankato | North Mankato, MN | 11 of 11 | 3.96 pCi/L | 13,462 |
| Ottawa* | Ottawa, IL | 26 of 26 | 3.94 pCi/L | 18,307 |
| Virginia-American Water Company* | Alexandria, VA | 1 of 1 | 3.90 pCi/L | 28,000 |
| Apple Valley* | Apple Valley, MN | 2 of 2 | 3.90 pCi/L | 49,895 |
| Little Egg Harbor Twp MU | Little Egg Harbor, NJ | 1 of 1 | 3.88 pCi/L | 22,075 |
| City of Beloit* | Beloit, WI | 2 of 2 | 3.78 pCi/L | 37,110 |
* This water utility supplies finished drinking water to at least one other water utility. The purchasing utility is not required to test for or report Radium, combined (-226 & -228), but it likely has the contaminant in its water supply.