Evidence
Health issue
Level of Concern
Source
Component: D-LIMONENE
EPA testing shows this substance has high acute toxicity to aquatic life
EPA testing shows this substance has high acute toxicity to aquatic life
some
EPA Fathead Minnow Acute Toxicity Database - Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Component: D-LIMONENE
Recognized by the European Union as a skin allergen
Recognized by the European Union as a skin allergen
some
Allergen list - EU Cosmetics Directive
Component: D-LIMONENE
The European Commission's Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety reports this substance is an established contact allergen in humans.
The European Commission's Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety reports this substance is an established contact allergen in humans.
some
Opinion on Frangrance allergens in cosmetics (2011) - EU Cosmetics Directive
Component: D-LIMONENE
dermatitis, skin allergy
dermatitis, skin allergy
some
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1994. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Limonene.
Component: D-LIMONENE
This peer-reviewed study reports this substance causes occupational asthma.
This peer-reviewed study reports this substance causes occupational asthma.
some
Fabrizio Guarneri, Olga Barbuzza, Mario Vaccaro & Giuseppe Galtieri. 2008. Allergic contact dermatitis and asthma caused by limonene in a labourer handling citrus fruits. Contact dermatitis 58(5), 315-6.
Component: D-LIMONENE
skin irritation
skin irritation
some
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1994. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Limonene.
Component: D-LIMONENE
Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans
Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans
low
Agents classified by the IARC Monographs (through Volume 127) - International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
Component: D-LIMONENE
Not known to cause asthma
Not known to cause asthma
low
AOEC Exposure Code List (2020 Update) - Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics (AOEC)
A review article reports that terpenes may have anticancer properties.
low
Girija Kuttan, Poyil Pratheeshkumar, Kanjoormana Aryan Manu & Ramadasan Kuttan. 2011. Inhibition of tumor progression by naturally occurring terpenoids. Pharmaceutical biology 49(10), 995-1007.
Component: D-LIMONENE
This substance is Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) as a food additive by the US Food and Drug Administration
Only in: Household Cleaners
This substance is Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) as a food additive by the US Food and Drug Administration
Only in: Household Cleaners
low
FDA - Priority based Assessment of Food Additive (PAFA) - U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Component: TERPENES
A review article reports that terpenes may have anticancer properties.
A review article reports that terpenes may have anticancer properties.
low
Girija Kuttan, Poyil Pratheeshkumar, Kanjoormana Aryan Manu & Ramadasan Kuttan. 2011. Inhibition of tumor progression by naturally occurring terpenoids. Pharmaceutical biology 49(10), 995-1007.
Component: D-LIMONENE
developmental and reproductive toxicity
developmental and reproductive toxicity
low
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1994. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Limonene.
Component: D-LIMONENE
mutagenicity and/or DNA damage
mutagenicity and/or DNA damage
low
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1994. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Limonene.
