Health issue
Level of Concern
Source
Possibly carcinogenic to humans
moderate
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): Agents classified by the IARC Monographs (through Volume 127)
A National Toxicology Program (NTP) study reports that this substance causes fibrosis of the heart in animals at high doses.
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moderate
1979. Bioassay of titanium dioxide for possible carcinogenicity. National Cancer Institute carcinogenesis technical report series 97, 1-123.
A National Toxicology Program (NTP) study reports that this substance causes male reproductive effects in animals at high doses.
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moderate
1979. Bioassay of titanium dioxide for possible carcinogenicity. National Cancer Institute carcinogenesis technical report series 97, 1-123.
The European Food Safety Authority concluded this substance had the potential to damage DNA.
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some
EFSA. 2021. Safety assessment of titanium dioxide (E171) as a food additive. EFSA Journal.
lower respiratory tract irritation
some
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH): Threshold Limit Value (TLV) Basis
A peer-reviewed study reports that nanoparticles of this substance accumulate in and may damage the liver in animals at high doses.
Only in: Food Scores®
some
Jiangxue Wang, Guoqiang Zhou, Chunying Chen, Hongwei Yu, Tiancheng Wang, Yongmei Ma, Guang Jia, Yuxi Gao, Bai Li, Jin Sun, Yufeng Li, Fang Jiao, Yuliang Zhao & Zhifang Chai. 2007. Acute toxicity and biodistribution of different sized titanium dioxide particles in mice after oral administration. Toxicology letters 168(2), 176-85.
A peer-reviewed study reports that nanoparticles of this substance accumulate in and may damage the kidneys in animals at high doses.
Only in: Food Scores®
some
Jiangxue Wang, Guoqiang Zhou, Chunying Chen, Hongwei Yu, Tiancheng Wang, Yongmei Ma, Guang Jia, Yuxi Gao, Bai Li, Jin Sun, Yufeng Li, Fang Jiao, Yuliang Zhao & Zhifang Chai. 2007. Acute toxicity and biodistribution of different sized titanium dioxide particles in mice after oral administration. Toxicology letters 168(2), 176-85.
not classifiable as a human carcinogen
low
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH): Threshold Limit Value (TLV) Basis