LEAD || Skin Deep® Cosmetics Database | Environmental Working Group

LEAD

Score	Data: Robust
CAS	7439-92-1
Possible impurity in: ALUMINUM STARCH OCTENYLSUCCINATE (466 products), HYDROGENATED COTTONSEED OIL (129 products), SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE (25 products), HYDROGENATED COTTONSEED GLYCERIDE , see all ingredients \| products
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LEAD

image source: PubChem

Health concerns of ingredient
About the ratings
Cancer
Developmental & reproductive toxicity
Allergies & immunotoxicity
Use restrictions
Contamination concerns: none
Other HIGH concerns: Persistence and bioaccumulation, Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive), Enhanced skin absorption, Occupational hazards
Other MODERATE concerns: Neurotoxicity, Endocrine disruption
Other LOW concerns: Ecotoxicology

About the ratings

EWG provides information on personal care product ingredients from the published scientific literature, to supplement incomplete data available from companies and the government. The ratings below indicate the relative level of concern posed by exposure to the ingredients in this product - not the product itself - compared to other product formulations. The ratings reflect potential health hazards but do not account for the level of exposure or individual susceptibility, factors which determine actual health risks, if any. Learn more | Legal Disclaimer

Synonym(s): C.I. 77575; GLOVER; KS-4; LEAD (ACGIH) ; LEAD FLAKE; LEAD INORGANIC; LEAD S2; OLOW (POLISH) ; OMAHA & GRANT

Developmental/reproductive toxicity

type of concern

product conditions

reference

Known human reproductive toxicant

European Union - Classification & Labelling

Possible human developmental toxicant

California EPA Proposition 65

Human reproductive toxicant - strong evidence

CHE Toxicant and Disease Database

Human nervous system toxicant - strong evidence

CHE Toxicant and Disease Database

Human reproductive toxicant - strong evidence

Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens

Human developmental toxicant - strong evidence

Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens

Limited evidence of developmental toxicity

European Union - Classification & Labelling

Limited evidence of reproductive toxicity

National Library of Medicine HazMap

Human developmental toxicant - moderate evidence

CHE Toxicant and Disease Database

Human reproductive toxicant - moderate evidence

CHE Toxicant and Disease Database

Human nervous system toxicant - moderate evidence

Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans

Use restrictions
type of concern	product conditions	reference
Violation of government restrictions - Banned or found unsafe for use in cosmetics		Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics Ingredients
Violation of government restrictions - Banned or found unsafe for use in cosmetics		European Union - Banned or Restricted in Cosmetics

Neurotoxicity

type of concern

product conditions

reference

Strong evidence of human neurotoxicity

CHE Toxicant and Disease Database

Strong evidence of human neurotoxicity

Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans

Cancer

type of concern

product conditions

reference

Possible human carcinogen

EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)

Possible human carcinogen

Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens

Possible human carcinogen

NTP Report on Carcinogens, 11th Edition

Possible human carcinogen

California EPA Proposition 65

Cancer - strong evidence

Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens

Limited evidence of carcinogenicity

Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens

Limited evidence of carcinogenicity

Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens

Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)

type of concern

product conditions

reference

Known human respiratory toxicant

EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants

Known human renal toxicant

CHE Toxicant and Disease Database

Known human hematologic toxicant

CHE Toxicant and Disease Database

Known human sense organ toxicant

CHE Toxicant and Disease Database

Known human cardiovascular toxicant

CHE Toxicant and Disease Database

Known human musculoskeletal toxicant

CHE Toxicant and Disease Database

Possible human cardiovascular toxicant

CHE Toxicant and Disease Database

Possible human renal toxicant

CHE Toxicant and Disease Database

Possible human hematologic toxicant

CHE Toxicant and Disease Database

Classified as expected to be toxic or harmful

Environment Canada Domestic Substance List

Persistence and bioaccumulation

type of concern

product conditions

reference

Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife and humans

EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs

Persistent or bioaccumulative and moderate to high toxicity concern in humans

Environment Canada Domestic Substance List

Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife

Canada PBTs - Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET)

Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife

Great Lakes BTS (Binational Toxics Strategy) PBTs

Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife

EPA PBTs - Waste Minimization Program (RCRA)

Allergies/immunotoxicity
type of concern	product conditions	reference
Limited evidence of immune system toxicity		nternational Programme of Chemical Safety Environmental Health Criteria 180, 1996
Limited evidence of immune system toxicity		CARB, TAC
Human immune toxicant - moderate evidence		CHE Toxicant and Disease Database

Occupational hazards
type of concern	product conditions	reference
Allowed workplace exposures restricted to low doses		European Union - Classification & Labelling
Strong evidence of occupational hazards		European Union - Classification & Labelling

Endocrine disruption

type of concern

product conditions

reference

Limited evidence of endocrine disruption

CHE Toxicant and Disease Database

Ecotoxicology

type of concern

product conditions

reference

Wildlife and environmental toxicity

European Union - Classification & Labelling

Data gaps
type of concern	product conditions	reference
305,571 studies in PubMed science library may include information on the toxicity of this chemical see search results ->		PubMed

Enhanced skin absorption
type of concern	product conditions	reference
Suspected nano-scale ingredients with potential to absorb into the skin		Nanomaterial Database

Government, industry, academic studies and classifications
government/industry list/academic study	appears on list as	classification(s)
Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens	LEAD AND LEAD COMPOUNDS, INORGANIC	A3
Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics Ingredients	LEAD	Prohibited
EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants	LEAD	Priority Pollutants (Clean Water Act)
Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System	LEAD	EPA: Probable Endocrine Disruptor
EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)	LEAD AND COMPOUNDS (INORGANIC)	B2 Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals (1986)
European Union - Water Framework Directive	LEAD AND ITS COMPOUNDS	List of priority substances in the field of water policy
EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants	LEAD COMPOUNDS	Hazardous Air Pollutant
National Library of Medicine HazMap	LEAD	AN: Anemia, Hemolytic;SD: No;RT: Yes;RS: Organic lead was added to gasoline in the US until January 1996. Lead allowable in US paint was reduced to 1% in 1971 and to 0.006% in 1977. [ATSDR Case Studies, Lead Toxicity];NE: Yes;NT: Motor Neuropathy;PE: 0.05
Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens	LEAD	IARC GROUP 2B
EPA Categorized List of Inert Pesticide Ingredients	LEAD COMPOUNDS	List 1 Inert
Nanomaterial Database	LEAD	potential nano-scale ingredient
Our Stolen Future Endocrine Disruptors	LEAD	Reproductive
EPA PBTs - Waste Minimization Program (RCRA)	LEAD	Priority chemical under EPA's Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Waste Minimization Program (WMP)
EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs	LEAD; ROUGH LEAD BULLION	Persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic under the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory
Benowitz, N, 1992	LEAD	Cardiovascular or Blood Toxicity Hazards: suspected
Brucker-Davis, F, 1998	LEAD	Endocrine Toxicity Hazards: suspected
US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 1996	LEAD	Kidney Toxicity Hazards: suspected
US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 1995	LEAD	Gastrointestinal or Liver Toxicity Hazards: suspected
nternational Programme of Chemical Safety Environmental Health Criteria 180, 1996	LEAD	Immunotoxicity Hazards: suspected
Klaassen, C, 1996	LEAD	Skin or Sense Organ Toxicity Hazards: suspected
Nemery, B, 1990	LEAD	Respiratory Toxicity Hazards: suspected
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Abnormal sperm (morphology, motility, and sperm count) - Strong
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Acute tubular necrosis - Strong
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	ADD/ADHD, hyperactivity - Strong
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease) - Limited
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Altered time to sexual maturation (accelerated or delayed puberty) - Good
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Alzheimer's - Limited
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Anemia (including hemolytic) - Strong
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Arrhythmias - Good
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Behavioral problems* - Strong
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Bladder cancer - Limited
European Commission on Endocrine Disruption	LEAD	HH-CAT3;WF-CAT3
Environment Canada Domestic Substance List	LEAD	Y-Categorization,,Low-Health Priority,Y-Persistent,,Y-AquaticTox,,,,
California EPA Proposition 65	LEAD	developmental; female; male
Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans	LEAD	known to be neurotoxic to humans
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Carcinoid - Limited
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Cardiomyopathy - Good
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Cataracts - Strong
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Chronic renal disease - Strong
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Cognitive impairment (includes impaired learning, impaired memory, and decreased attention span)/Mental Retardation/Developmental Delay - Strong
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, atherosclerosis - Strong
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Cranio- Facial malformations* - Limited
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Decreased Coordination/ Dysequilibrium* - Strong
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Delayed growth - Good
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Erectile dysfunction - Limited
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Fetotoxicity (Miscarriage/spontaneous abortion, stillbirth) - Good
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Glomerulonephritis - Good
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Gout - Strong
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Hearing loss - Strong
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Hormonal changes (levels of circulating sex hormones - FSH/LH, Inhibin, and/or estrogens, progesterones, androgens) - Good
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Hypertension (High blood pressure) - Strong
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Immune suppression * - Good
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Low birth weight/Small for Gestational Age/Intra-Uterine Growth Retardation - Good
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Menstrual disorders (abnormal bleeding, short cycles, long cycles, irregular cycles, painful periods) - Good
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Nephrotic syndrome - Good
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Neurosthenia (Organic affective syndrome) - Limited
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Osteoporosis - Limited
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Peripheral neuropathy - Strong
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Porphyria (toxic) - Good
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Pre-term delivery - Good
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Psychiatric disturbances (disorientation, hallucinations, psychosis, delirium, paranoias, anxiety/depression, emotional laibility, mood changes, euphoria). - Strong
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Reduced Fertility - Female (infertility and subfertility) - Good
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Reduced Fertility - Male (infertility and subfertility) - Strong
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Seizures - Strong
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Thyroid disorders - Hypothyroidism - Limited
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	LEAD	Wilm's Tumor - Limited
European Union - Banned or Restricted in Cosmetics	LEAD AND ITS COMPOUNDS	Banned in EU Cosmetics
NTP Report on Carcinogens, 11th Edition	LEAD AND LEAD COMPOUNDS	Reasonably Anticipated to be a Human Carcinogen
California EPA Proposition 65	LEAD AND LEAD COMPOUNDS	cancer
Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens	LEAD CHROMATE OXIDE	Reproductive Toxicity Hazards: recognized
Canada PBTs - Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET)	LEAD COMPOUNDS	Meets or exceeds criteria for toxicity and persistent under Canadian Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics list
Great Lakes BTS (Binational Toxics Strategy) PBTs	LEAD COMPOUNDS	Tier 1 chemical of concern under the Great Lakes Binational Strategy
EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs	LEAD COMPOUNDS	Persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic under the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory
CARB, TAC	LEAD COMPOUNDS	Immunotoxicity Hazards: suspected
US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center	LEAD COMPOUNDS	Cardiovascular or Blood Toxicity Hazards: suspected
US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center	LEAD COMPOUNDS	Gastrointestinal or Liver Toxicity Hazards: suspected
US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center	LEAD COMPOUNDS	Kidney Toxicity Hazards: suspected
Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens	LEAD COMPOUNDS	Developmental Toxicity Hazards: recognized
Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens	LEAD COMPOUNDS	Cancer Hazards: recognized
Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens	LEAD COMPOUNDS	Reproductive Toxicity Hazards: recognized
Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans	LEAD COMPOUNDS	known to be neurotoxic to humans
Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens	LEAD COMPOUNDS, INORGANIC	IARC GROUP 2A
Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens	LEAD COMPOUNDS, ORGANIC	IARC GROUP 3
European Union - Classification & Labelling	LEAD COMPOUNDS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THOSE SPECIFIED ELSEWHERE IN THIS ANNEX	Repr. Cat. 1; R61; Repr. Cat. 3; R62; Xn; R20/22; R33; N; R50-53

Other RTECS® classifications [shown for informational purposes only]
government/industry list/academic study	appears on list as	classification(s)
RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2005	LEAD	• occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA)
RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2006	LEAD	• occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA)
RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2007	LEAD	• occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA)
RTECS^®- Archives of Environmental Health 1971	LEAD	• reproductive - Fetotoxicity (rat TDLo)
RTECS^®- Federation Proceedings, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 1978	LEAD	• reproductive - Biochemical and metabolic (rat TDLo)
RTECS^®- Federation Proceedings, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 1978	LEAD	• reproductive - Blood and lymphatic system (rat TDLo)
RTECS^®- Gigiena i Sanitariya 1975	LEAD	• brain, nervous system, or behavioral effect - Alteration of classical conditioning (rat TDLo) • brain, nervous system, or behavioral effect - Other degenerative changes (rat TDLo) • metabolic - Other metals (rat TDLo)
RTECS^®- Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya 1982	LEAD	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (rat ihl)
RTECS^®- Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya 1982	LEAD	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (rat ihl)
RTECS^®- JAMA, Journal of the American Medical Association 1977	LEAD	• brain, nervous system, or behavioral effect - Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage) (woman TDLo) • brain, nervous system, or behavioral effect - Hallucinations, distorted perceptions (woman TDLo) • brain, nervous system, or behavioral effect - Muscle weakness (woman TDLo)
RTECS^®- Mutation Research 1985	LEAD	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis ( human unr)
RTECS^®- Mutation Research 1985	LEAD	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis ( human unr)
RTECS^®- Pharmacologist 1978	LEAD	• reproductive - Behavioral (rat TDLo)
RTECS^®- Prace Nauwoke Uniwersytetu Slaskiego Katowicach 1982	LEAD	• blood - Changes in other cell count (unspecified) (mouse TDLo) • blood - Other changes (mouse TDLo) • blood - Pigmented or nucleated red blood cells (mouse TDLo)
RTECS^®- Toxicology Letters 1981	LEAD	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (monkey orl)
RTECS^®- Toxicology Letters 1981	LEAD	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (monkey orl)
RTECS^®- Toxicology 2003	LEAD	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage ( human ihl)
RTECS^®- Toxicology 2003	LEAD	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage ( human ihl)

references
government/industry list/academic study	reference
Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens	ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) 2008. ACGIH cancer classification system. www.acgih.org.
Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics Ingredients	Health Canada. 2007. List of Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetic Ingredients. Canada's Cosmetic Ingredient Hotlist. March 2007.
EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants
Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System	Illinois EPA (Illinois Environmental Protection Agency). 2000. Preliminary list of chemicals associated with endocrine system effects in animals and humans (*) or in vitro (+). In EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 2000. Handbook for Non-Cancer Health Effects Valuation, Appendix C.
EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)	EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2008. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Evidence for human carcinogenicity based on 1986-2005 guidelines.
European Union - Water Framework Directive	EU (European Union). 2000. Water Framework Directive (Directive 2000/60/EC ) - integrated river basin management for Europe. List of priority substances.
EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants	EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2005. Office of Air. The 112(b)1 Hazardous Air Pollutants List (as modified). Last modified: 12 Dec 2005.
National Library of Medicine HazMap	NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents.
Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens	IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2008. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, as evaluated in IARC Monographs Volumes 1-99 (a total of 935 agents, mixtures and exposures).
EPA Categorized List of Inert Pesticide Ingredients	EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1987 & 2005. Office of Pesticide Programs. Inert (other) Pesticide Ingredients in Pesticide Products - Categorized List of Inert (other) Pesticide Ingredients.
Nanomaterial Database	NanoWerk. 2007. Nanomaterial Database. Available online: http://www.nanowerk.com/phpscripts/n_dbsearch.php
Our Stolen Future Endocrine Disruptors	Colborn T, D Dumanoski, JP Myers. 2006. Widespread Pollutants with Endocrine-disrupting Effects. Updated from original listing in "Our Stolen Future" (1996).
EPA PBTs - Waste Minimization Program (RCRA)	EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1998. Resource Conservatin and Recovery Act (RCRA) Waste Minimization Program - priority chemicals for elimination or reduction.
EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs	EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1999. Toxics Release Inventory Program. PBT Chemical Rule.
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	Benowitz, N.L. Cardiotoxicity in the Workplace. Occupational Medicine. 7(3): 465-477. 1992. (Table 1: Chemical Toxins and Cardiovascular Disease)., US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996., Kristensen, T. S. Cardiovascular Diseases and the Work Environment. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environmental Health. 15:245-264. 1989. (Table 5: Classification of possible risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the work environment)., LaDou, J. (ed.). Occupational Medicine. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CN. 1990., Malachowsky, M.J. Health Effects of Toxic Substances. Government Institutes. Rockville, MD 1995., Stacey, N.H. Occupational Toxicology. Taylor & Francis. 1995.
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	Brucker-Davis, F. Effects of Environmental Synthetic Chemicals on Thyroid Function. Thyroid. 8(9): 827-856. 1998., Illinois EPA. Endocrine Disruptors Strategy. 1997. (Table 1: Preliminary List of Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System Effects in Animals and Humans or In Vitro). http://www.nihs.go.jp/hse/environ/illiepatable.htm, Keith, L.H. (ed.). Environmental Endocrine Disruptors. John Wiley & Sons, NY. 1997. http://www.wileyeurope.com/cda/product/0,,0471191450%7Cdesc%7C3037,00.html, World Wildlife Fund. Our Stolen Future. Widespread Pollutants with Endocrine-disrupting Effects. http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemlist.htm. The WWF list is derived from references detailed at http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm and was originally published in: Colborn, T., F.S. vom Saal, and A.M. Soto. Developmental Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals In Wildlife and Humans. Environmental Health Perspectives 101(5): 378-384. 1993.
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996., Landrigan, P.J., Goyer, R.A. Clarkson, T.W., Sandler, D.P., Smith, J.H., Thun, M.J., and R. Wedeen. The Work-Relatedness of Renal Disease. Archives of Environmental Health. 39(3): 225-230. 1984. (Table 2: Estimated Numbers of Workers in the United States with Potential Occupational Exposures to Known or Suspect Nephrotoxins)., Merck & Co. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. TABLE 226-1. Common Nephrotoxic Agents http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/tables/226tb1.htm, Stacey, N.H. Occupational Toxicology. Taylor & Francis. 1995.
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation., Stacey, N.H. Occupational Toxicology. Taylor & Francis. 1995.
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	nternational Programme of Chemical Safety Environmental Health Criteria 180. Principles and Methods for Assessing Direct Immunotoxicity Associated with Exposure to Chemicals. World Health Organization. Geneva, 1996. (Table 1: Examples of compounds that are immunotoxic for humans or rodents).
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996.
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	Nemery, B. Metal Toxicity and the Respiratory Tract. European Respiratory Journal. 3(2): 202-219. 1990.(Table 1: Summary of pulmonary toxicity of metals).
CHE Toxicant and Disease Database	CHE (The Collaborative on Health and the Environment). 2006. Toxicant and Disease Database.
European Commission on Endocrine Disruption	EU (European Union)- Strategy for Endocrine Disrupters 2007. Commision on endocrin disruption requested by the European Parliament in 1998.
Environment Canada Domestic Substance List	EC (Environment Canada). 2008. Domestic Substances List Categorization. Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) Environmental Registry.
California EPA Proposition 65	California EPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). 9/2008. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986. Chemicals known to the State to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity.
Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans	Grandjean P and PJ Landrigan. 2006. Developmental neurotoxicity of industrial chemicals. Lancet. 2006 Dec 16;368(9553):2167-78.
European Union - Banned or Restricted in Cosmetics	EC (European Commission of the European Union). 1999-2006. Enterprise Directorate-General Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics. The rules governing cosmetic products in the European Union, Volume 1, "Cosmetics legislation."
NTP Report on Carcinogens, 11th Edition	NTP (National Toxicology Program). 2005. Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program.
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens (July 2004) can be obtained from http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html.-MC
Canada PBTs - Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET)	EC (Environment Canada). 1994. Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET). ARET substance list of persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals.
Great Lakes BTS (Binational Toxics Strategy) PBTs	Great Lakes BTS (Binational Toxics Strategy). 1997. Canada-United States Strategy for the Virtual Elimination of Persistent Toxic Substances in the Great Lakes. Appendix I - Level 1 and Level 2 substances.
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	CARB, TAC
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens (July 2004) can be obtained from http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html.
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens (July 2004) can be obtained from http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html.
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens (July 2004) can be obtained from http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html.
European Union - Classification & Labelling	CPS&Q (Consumer Products Safety & Quality) formely known as ECB (European Chemicals Bureau). 2008. Classification and Labelling: Chemicals: Annex VI of Directive 67/548/EEC through the 31st ATP.
RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2005 [shown for informational purposes only]	RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2005
RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2006 [shown for informational purposes only]	RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2006
RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2007 [shown for informational purposes only]	RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2007
RTECS^®- Archives of Environmental Health 1971 [shown for informational purposes only]	RTECS^®- Archives of Environmental Health. (Heldref Pub., 4000 Albemarle St., NW, Washington, DC 20016) V.1- 1960- 23,102,1971
RTECS^®- Federation Proceedings, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 1978 [shown for informational purposes only]	RTECS^®- Federation Proceedings, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. (Bethesda, MD) V.1-46, 1942-87. 37,394,1978
RTECS^®- Federation Proceedings, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 1978 [shown for informational purposes only]	RTECS^®- Federation Proceedings, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. (Bethesda, MD) V.1-46, 1942-87. 37,895,1978
RTECS^®- Gigiena i Sanitariya 1975 [shown for informational purposes only]	RTECS^®- Gigiena i Sanitariya. For English translation, see HYSAAV. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1- 1936- 40(5),101,1975
RTECS^®- Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya 1982 [shown for informational purposes only]	RTECS^®- Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya. Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1-36, 1957-1992. For publisher information, see MTPEEI 26(10),38,1982
RTECS^®- Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya 1982 [shown for informational purposes only]	RTECS^®- Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya. Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1-36, 1957-1992. For publisher information, see MTPEEI 26(10),38,1982
RTECS^®- JAMA, Journal of the American Medical Association 1977 [shown for informational purposes only]	RTECS^®- JAMA, Journal of the American Medical Association. (AMA, 535 N. Dearborn St., Chicago, IL 60610) V.1- 1883- 237,2627,1977
RTECS^®- Mutation Research 1985 [shown for informational purposes only]	RTECS^®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 147,301,1985
RTECS^®- Mutation Research 1985 [shown for informational purposes only]	RTECS^®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- -1964 147,301,1985
RTECS^®- Pharmacologist 1978 [shown for informational purposes only]	RTECS^®- Pharmacologist. (American Soc. for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20014) V.1- 1959- 20,201,1978
RTECS^®- Prace Nauwoke Uniwersytetu Slaskiego Katowicach 1982 [shown for informational purposes only]	RTECS^®- Prace Nauwoke Uniwersytetu Slaskiego Katowicach. (Uniwersytet Slaski w Katowicach, Prace Naukowe, Katowice, Poland) No.901- 1988- (505),53,1982
RTECS^®- Toxicology Letters 1981 [shown for informational purposes only]	RTECS^®- Toxicology Letters. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1977- 8,165,1981
RTECS^®- Toxicology Letters 1981 [shown for informational purposes only]	RTECS^®- Toxicology Letters. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 8,165,1981
RTECS^®- Toxicology 2003 [shown for informational purposes only]	RTECS^®- Toxicology. (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland, Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1973- 187,183,2003
RTECS^®- Toxicology 2003 [shown for informational purposes only]	RTECS^®- Toxicology. (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland, Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 187,183,2003