|
Known to cause cancer
|
high
|
California OEHHA (Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment): Proposition 65 List (2020 Update)
|
|
A draft risk assessment from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reported that chronic exposure to perfluorooctanoic acids and salts can affect blood.
|
high
|
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2005. Draft risk assessment of the potential human health effects associated with exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid and salts. SAB Review Draft.
|
|
A draft risk assessment from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reported that chronic exposure to perfluorooctanoic acids and salts caused reproductive or developmental effects in lab animals.
|
high
|
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2005. Draft risk assessment of the potential human health effects associated with exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid and salts. SAB Review Draft.
|
|
A U.S. Environmental Protection Agency fact sheet finds perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate to be persistent pollutants.
|
high
|
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2012. Emerging Contaminants – Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA). Emerging Contaminants Fact Sheet.
|
|
Per- and polyfluorinated chemicals (PFAS) are highly persistent in the environment, and humans are widely exposed to PFAS through the environment.
|
high
|
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2018. Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls.
|
|
Per- and polyfluorinated chemicals (PFAS) have been linked to immunotoxicity in humans and animals.
|
high
|
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2018. Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls.
|
|
Per- and polyfluorinated chemicals (PFAS) are highly persistent in the environment, and humans are widely exposed to PFAS through the environment.
|
high
|
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2018. Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls.
|
|
Per- and polyfluorinated chemicals (PFAS) have been linked to immunotoxicity in humans and animals.
|
high
|
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2018. Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls.
|
|
Per- and polyfluorinated chemicals (PFAS) have been linked to reproductive and developmental toxicity in humans and animals.
|
high
|
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2018. Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls.
|
|
Per- and polyfluorinated chemicals (PFAS) have been linked to cancer in humans and animals
|
high
|
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2018. Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls.
|
|
Per- and polyfluorinated chemicals (PFAS) have been linked to cardiovascular effects in humans and animals
|
high
|
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2018. Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls.
|
|
Per- and polyfluorinated chemicals (PFAS) have been linked to thyroid disruption in humans and animals.
|
high
|
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2018. Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls.
|
|
Per- and polyfluorinated chemicals (PFAS) have been linked to reproductive and developmental toxicity in humans and animals.
|
high
|
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2018. Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls.
|
|
Per- and polyfluorinated chemicals (PFAS) have been linked to cancer in humans and animals
|
high
|
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2018. Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls.
|
|
Per- and polyfluorinated chemicals (PFAS) have been linked to cardiovascular effects in humans and animals
|
high
|
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2018. Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls.
|
|
Per- and polyfluorinated chemicals (PFAS) have been linked to thyroid disruption in humans and animals.
|
high
|
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2018. Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls.
|
|
A draft risk assessment from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reported that perfluorooctanoic acids and salts had acute oral toxicity LD50s as low as 250 mg/kg body weight.
|
moderate
|
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2005. Draft risk assessment of the potential human health effects associated with exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid and salts. SAB Review Draft.
|
|
A Science Advisory Board review of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency draft risk assessment of perfluorooctanoic acid and its salts finds these substances to be probable human carcinogens.
|
moderate
|
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2006. SAB Review of EPA’s Draft Risk Assessment of Potential Human Health Effects Associated with PFOA and Its Salts.
|
|
This substance is a PFAS, which is a chemical class of concern.
|
moderate
|
Carol F. Kwiatkowski, David Q. Andrews, Linda S. Birnbaum, Thomas A. Bruton, Jamie C. DeWitt, Detlef R. U. Knappe, Maricel V Maffini, Mark F. Miller, Katherine E. Pelch, Anna Reade, Anna Soehl, Xenia Trier, Marta Venier, Charlotte C. Wagner, Zhanyun Wang & Arlene Blum. 2020. Scientific Basis for Managing PFAS as a Chemical Class. Environmental science & technology letters 7(8), 532-543.
|
|
Possibly carcinogenic to humans
|
moderate
|
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): Agents classified by the IARC Monographs (through Volume 127)
|
|
A draft risk assessment from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency found evidence that perfluorooctanoic acids and salts may change hormone levels in humans.
|
moderate
|
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2005. Draft risk assessment of the potential human health effects associated with exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid and salts. SAB Review Draft.
|
|
A draft risk assessment from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reported that chronic exposure to perfluorooctanoic acids and salts can harm the liver.
|
moderate
|
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2005. Draft risk assessment of the potential human health effects associated with exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid and salts. SAB Review Draft.
|
|
A draft risk assessment from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency found suggestive evidence that perfluorooctanoic acids and salts can cause cancer; this designation has not been finalized.
|
moderate
|
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2005. Draft risk assessment of the potential human health effects associated with exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid and salts. SAB Review Draft.
|
|
A draft risk assessment from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reported that chronic exposure to perfluorooctanoic acids and salts may be toxic to the immune system.
|
moderate
|
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2005. Draft risk assessment of the potential human health effects associated with exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid and salts. SAB Review Draft.
|
|
Per- and polyfluorinated chemicals (PFAS) have been linked to liver effects in humans and animals
|
some
|
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2018. Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls.
|
|
Per- and polyfluorinated chemicals (PFAS) have been linked to liver effects in humans and animals
|
some
|
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2018. Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls.
|
|
NTP Toxcast scored 4.5-5.5
|
some
|
National Toxicology Program (NTP): EWG Toxcast Analysis
|
|
A draft risk assessment from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reported that perfluorooctanoic acids and salts were not mutagenic.
|
low
|
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2005. Draft risk assessment of the potential human health effects associated with exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid and salts. SAB Review Draft.
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