Fluoride
City of Papillion
Fluoride occurs naturally in surface and groundwater and is also added to drinking water by many water systems. Read More.
Fluoride has been promoted as a chemical that reduces dental cavities. Yet it is now well-established that fluoride primarily exerts its protective effects through topical mechanisms, such as sodium fluoride in toothpaste and mouthwash. In contrast, long-term ingestion of fluoride in water increases dental fluorosis, which includes mottling, pitting and weakening of the teeth. EPA's maximum legal limit is set at 4 parts per million (ppm) to prevent skeletal fluorosis, a condition where bones become brittle and more susceptible to fractures, although these effects may occur at lower doses.
Even fluoride levels of 0.7 ppm, the amount of fluoride in drinking water recommended by the U.S. Public Health Service, can result in too much fluoride for bottle-fed babies. EWG recommends that caregivers mix baby formula with fluoride-free water. The National Toxicology Program is investigating the potential for low doses of fluoride to alter thyroid function and childhood brain development.
Testing results - average by year
Year | Average result | Samples taken | Detections | Range of results |
---|---|---|---|---|
2013 | N/A | 0 | 0 | N/A |
2014 | 0.890 ppm | 16 | 16 | 0.276 ppm - 1.17 ppm |
2015 | 0.967 ppm | 12 | 12 | 0.894 ppm - 1.03 ppm |
2016 | 0.921 ppm | 12 | 12 | 0.756 ppm - 1.09 ppm |
2017 | 0.918 ppm | 12 | 12 | 0.836 ppm - 1.13 ppm |
2018 | 0.954 ppm | 12 | 12 | 0.873 ppm - 1.07 ppm |
2019 | 0.947 ppm | 12 | 12 | 0.914 ppm - 0.986 ppm |
ppm = parts per million
State and national drinking water standards and health guidelines
EPA Maximum Contaminant
Level (MCL) 4 ppm
ppm = parts per million
All test results
Date | Lab ID | Result |
---|---|---|
2014-01-06 | 280670 | 0.988 ppm |
2014-02-03 | 285718 | 1.11 ppm |
2014-02-24 | 281669 | 0.360 ppm |
2014-03-10 | 289586 | 1.10 ppm |
2014-04-07 | 293023 | 1.07 ppm |
2014-05-05 | 298846 | 0.985 ppm |
2014-06-02 | 304945 | 1.17 ppm |
2014-07-07 | 309479 | 0.308 ppm |
2014-07-07 | 309480 | 0.276 ppm |
2014-07-07 | 309481 | 0.318 ppm |
2014-07-15 | 311371 | 1.16 ppm |
2014-08-04 | 316645 | 1.16 ppm |
2014-09-10 | 322307 | 1.13 ppm |
2014-10-06 | 327226 | 1.000 ppm |
2014-11-12 | 334645 | 1.07 ppm |
2014-12-01 | 338135 | 1.03 ppm |
2015-01-12 | 342159 | 0.979 ppm |
2015-02-10 | 347788 | 0.994 ppm |
2015-03-03 | 350647 | 0.979 ppm |
2015-04-14 | 355534 | 1.01 ppm |
2015-05-05 | 363316 | 0.927 ppm |
2015-06-01 | 367604 | 0.970 ppm |
2015-07-06 | 371884 | 1.03 ppm |
2015-08-04 | 380109 | 1.02 ppm |
2015-09-15 | 385366 | 0.911 ppm |
2015-10-06 | 390381 | 0.980 ppm |
2015-11-09 | 397339 | 0.894 ppm |
2015-12-07 | 401255 | 0.904 ppm |
2016-01-05 | 0.915 ppm | |
2016-02-08 | 0.756 ppm | |
2016-03-07 | 0.834 ppm | |
2016-04-11 | 0.901 ppm | |
2016-05-03 | 0.967 ppm | |
2016-06-07 | 0.886 ppm | |
2016-07-12 | 1.09 ppm | |
2016-08-15 | 0.904 ppm | |
2016-09-12 | 0.914 ppm | |
2016-10-10 | 0.884 ppm | |
2016-11-14 | 1.03 ppm | |
2016-12-06 | 0.971 ppm | |
2017-01-03 | 0.932 ppm | |
2017-02-06 | 0.836 ppm | |
2017-03-07 | 1.13 ppm | |
2017-04-10 | 0.938 ppm | |
2017-05-15 | 0.946 ppm | |
2017-06-06 | 0.941 ppm | |
2017-07-10 | 0.897 ppm | |
2017-08-08 | 0.866 ppm | |
2017-09-11 | 0.841 ppm | |
2017-10-09 | 0.889 ppm | |
2017-11-07 | 0.945 ppm | |
2017-12-06 | 0.857 ppm | |
2018-01-08 | 530308 | 0.908 ppm |
2018-02-06 | 535885 | 0.873 ppm |
2018-03-12 | 539346 | 0.934 ppm |
2018-04-09 | 542681 | 0.930 ppm |
2018-05-09 | 548886 | 0.883 ppm |
2018-06-11 | 554086 | 1.01 ppm |
2018-07-10 | 558764 | 0.972 ppm |
2018-08-13 | 566516 | 1.02 ppm |
2018-09-10 | 570696 | 1.07 ppm |
2018-10-17 | 576652 | 0.952 ppm |
2018-11-13 | 582150 | 0.976 ppm |
2018-12-10 | 585955 | 0.925 ppm |
2019-01-08 | 589395 | 0.972 ppm |
2019-02-06 | 594823 | 0.979 ppm |
2019-03-04 | 598203 | 0.951 ppm |
2019-04-09 | 602091 | 0.914 ppm |
2019-05-14 | 609716 | 0.931 ppm |
2019-06-12 | 613609 | 0.931 ppm |
2019-07-01 | 619710 | 0.945 ppm |
2019-08-13 | 627409 | 0.940 ppm |
2019-09-10 | 631595 | 0.936 ppm |
2019-10-15 | 636887 | 0.986 ppm |
2019-11-12 | 643635 | 0.924 ppm |
2019-12-11 | 648262 | 0.951 ppm |