Fluoride
Staples
Fluoride occurs naturally in surface and groundwater and is also added to drinking water by many water systems. Read More.
Fluoride has been promoted as a chemical that reduces dental cavities. Yet it is now well-established that fluoride primarily exerts its protective effects through topical mechanisms, such as sodium fluoride in toothpaste and mouthwash. In contrast, long-term ingestion of fluoride in water increases dental fluorosis, which includes mottling, pitting and weakening of the teeth. EPA's maximum legal limit is set at 4 parts per million (ppm) to prevent skeletal fluorosis, a condition where bones become brittle and more susceptible to fractures, although these effects may occur at lower doses.
Even fluoride levels of 0.7 ppm, the amount of fluoride in drinking water recommended by the U.S. Public Health Service, can result in too much fluoride for bottle-fed babies. EWG recommends that caregivers mix baby formula with fluoride-free water. The National Toxicology Program is investigating the potential for low doses of fluoride to alter thyroid function and childhood brain development.
Testing results - average by year
Year | Average result | Samples taken | Detections | Range of results |
---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | 0.706 ppm | 7 | 5 | ND - 1.10 ppm |
2015 | 0.774 ppm | 5 | 5 | 0.590 ppm - 0.970 ppm |
2016 | 0.443 ppm | 4 | 4 | 0.380 ppm - 0.540 ppm |
2017 | 0.848 ppm | 4 | 4 | 0.770 ppm - 0.880 ppm |
2018 | 0.895 ppm | 4 | 4 | 0.860 ppm - 0.940 ppm |
2019 | 0.890 ppm | 4 | 4 | 0.880 ppm - 0.900 ppm |
ppm = parts per million
State and national drinking water standards and health guidelines
EPA Maximum Contaminant
Level (MCL) 4 ppm
ppm = parts per million
All test results
Date | Lab ID | Result |
---|---|---|
2014-02-04 | 14B0289-01 | ND |
2014-02-04 | 14B0273-01 | ND |
2014-02-05 | 14B0325-01 | 0.990 ppm |
2014-04-02 | 14D0279-01 | 0.980 ppm |
2014-08-19 | 14H1916-01 | 0.940 ppm |
2014-08-29 | 14I0112-01 | 0.930 ppm |
2014-11-21 | 14K1037-01 | 1.10 ppm |
2015-02-23 | 15B1053-01 | 0.970 ppm |
2015-04-15 | 15D1207-01 | 0.880 ppm |
2015-08-11 | 15H1019-01 | 0.830 ppm |
2015-11-16 | 15K1058-01 | 0.600 ppm |
2015-12-08 | 15L0490-01 | 0.590 ppm |
2016-02-24 | 16B1386-01 | 0.540 ppm |
2016-05-20 | 16E2020-01 | 0.380 ppm |
2016-08-15 | 16H1977-01 | 0.400 ppm |
2016-10-18 | 16J0941-01 | 0.450 ppm |
2017-01-10 | 17A0236-01 | 0.770 ppm |
2017-05-17 | 17E1476-01 | 0.870 ppm |
2017-08-21 | 17H1789-01 | 0.870 ppm |
2017-10-24 | 17J1292-01 | 0.880 ppm |
2018-02-27 | 18C0173-01 | 0.880 ppm |
2018-05-08 | 18E0814-01 | 0.900 ppm |
2018-08-07 | 18H0549-01 | 0.860 ppm |
2018-10-03 | 18J0182-01 | 0.940 ppm |
2019-01-07 | 19A0067-01 | 0.900 ppm |
2019-05-01 | 19E0144-01 | 0.880 ppm |
2019-07-31 | 19H0181-01 | 0.900 ppm |
2019-10-07 | 19J0503-01 | 0.880 ppm |