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d-Limonene
Score:
Data: Limited
- Other Concerns
- Functions
- About the Chemical
- Synonyms
-
Persistence and bioaccumulation (moderate), Ecotoxicology (low), and Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs) (high)
Cancer 
Cancer: Ingredients linked to cancer in government, industry or academic studies or assessments.
Developmental & Reproductive Toxicity
Developmental and reproductive toxicity: Ingredients linked to developmental and reproductive toxicity, a broad class of health effects that range from infertility and reproductive organ cancers to birth defects and developmental delays in children.
Allergies & Immunotoxicity
Allergies and immunotoxicity: Ingredients linked to harm to the immune system, a class of health problems that manifest as allergic reactions or an impaired capacity to fight disease and repair damaged tissue in the body.
Products with this Ingredient
| eye shadow | 18 products |
| hair color and bleaching | 14 products |
| facial moisturizer/treatment | 13 products |
| conditioner | 8 products |
| foundation | 8 products |
| liquid hand soap | 7 products |
| shampoo | 5 products |
| facial cleanser | 5 products |
| bar soap | 5 products |
| hair styling aide | 4 products |
| beard care | 3 products |
| body wash/cleanser | 3 products |
| around-eye cream | 3 products |
| lip balm with SPF | 3 products |
| sunless tanning | 2 products |
| toners/astringents | 2 products |
| body firming lotion | 2 products |
| detangler | 2 products |
| styling gel/lotion | 2 products |
| mask | 2 products |
| bronzer/highlighter | 2 products |
| exfoliant/scrub | 1 products |
| moisturizer | 1 products |
| hair treatment/serum | 1 products |
| fragrance for women | 1 products |
| beard oil | 1 products |
| after shave | 1 products |
| antiperspirant/deodorant (men's) | 1 products |
| hair spray | 1 products |
| hair-loss treatment | 1 products |
| serums & essences | 1 products |
| lip balm | 1 products |
| antiperspirant/deodorant | 1 products |
Allergies/immunotoxicity
| Concern | Reference |
|---|---|
| Known human any toxicant or allergen | Opinion on Frangrance allergens in cosmetics (2011), EU Cosmetics Directive |
| Possible human any toxicant or allergen | Banned and Restricted Fragrances, European Union |
| Human any toxicant or allergen - strong evidence | Safer Chemical Ingredients List (2018-02-28), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |
| Limited evidence of any toxicity or allergies | Classification & Labelling (Skin Deep®), EU GHS Hazard Labeling Codes |
| Limited evidence of any toxicity or allergies | Haz-Map®, US. National Library of Medicine, |
Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs)
| Concern | Reference |
|---|---|
| Classified as any irritant | Classification & Labelling (Skin Deep®), EU GHS Hazard Labeling Codes |
Persistence and bioaccumulation
| Concern | Reference |
|---|---|
| Persistent, bioaccumulative toxicant - Oslo-Paris (OSPAR) Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, chemical of concern | OSPAR Comission 2015. OSPAR PBTs - Substances of Possible Concern. Appears as: listid: PBT-OSPAR-249; Chemical_Name: (4R)-CYCLOHEXENE, 1-METHYL-4-(1-METHYLETHENYL)-; Synonyms: CYCLOHEXENE, 1-METHYL-4-(1-METHYLETHENYL)-, (4R)-; CAS: 5989-27-5 |
| Not suspected to be persistent | Domestic Substance List, Environment Canada |
| Not suspected to be bioaccumulative | Domestic Substance List, Environment Canada |
Developmental/reproductive toxicity
| Concern | Reference |
|---|---|
| Developmental toxicity (significant increase in the number of fetuses with skeletal abnormalities, including lumbar ribs, fused ribs, and delayed ossification of several bones in the paws) were observed in the animals administered 2363 mg/kg/day. | 1977 Studies on d-limonene as a gallstone solubilizer (VII) Effects on development of mouse fetuses and offsprings. Oyo Yakuri 13(6), 863-873. |
Ecotoxicology
| Concern | Reference |
|---|---|
| Wildlife and environmental toxicity | Classification & Labelling (Skin Deep®), EU GHS Hazard Labeling Codes |
| Suspected to be an environmental toxin | Domestic Substance List, Environment Canada |
Miscellaneous
| Concern | Reference |
|---|---|
| Occupational hazards related to handling | Classification & Labelling (Skin Deep®), EU GHS Hazard Labeling Codes |
Cancer
| Concern | Reference |
|---|---|
| Limited or incomplete evidence of cancer according to safety/hazard data – government assessment cannot classify as human carcinogen due to data gaps | IRAC Carcinogens (Skin Deep®), IARC |
Multiple, additive exposure sources
| Concern | Reference |
|---|---|
| Designated as safe for general or specific, limited use in food | Everything Added to Food, US. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) |
Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
| Concern | Reference |
|---|---|
| Classified as not expected to be potentially toxic or harmful | Domestic Substance List, Environment Canada |
Use restrictions
| Concern | Reference |
|---|---|
| Restricted in cosmetics - labeling requirement for allergens | CosIng |
Data Sources
- Opinion on Frangrance allergens in cosmetics (2011), EU Cosmetics Directive
- Banned and Restricted Fragrances, European Union
- Safer Chemical Ingredients List (2018-02-28), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
- Classification & Labelling (Skin Deep®), EU GHS Hazard Labeling Codes
- Haz-Map®, US. National Library of Medicine,
- OSPAR Comission 2015. OSPAR PBTs - Substances of Possible Concern. Appears as: listid: PBT-OSPAR-249; Chemical_Name: (4R)-CYCLOHEXENE, 1-METHYL-4-(1-METHYLETHENYL)-; Synonyms: CYCLOHEXENE, 1-METHYL-4-(1-METHYLETHENYL)-, (4R)-; CAS: 5989-27-5
- Domestic Substance List, Environment Canada
- 1977 Studies on d-limonene as a gallstone solubilizer (VII) Effects on development of mouse fetuses and offsprings. Oyo Yakuri 13(6), 863-873.
- IRAC Carcinogens (Skin Deep®), IARC
- Everything Added to Food, US. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
- European Commission. 2013. Cosing, the European Commission database with information on cosmetic substances and ingredients. Accessed on March 1, 2013 at http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/cosmetics/cosing/ .
ABOUT THE SKIN DEEP® RATINGS
EWG provides information on personal care product ingredients from the published scientific literature, to supplement incomplete data available from companies and the government. The ratings below indicate the relative level of concern posed by exposure to the ingredients in this product - not the product itself - compared to other product formulations. The ratings reflect potential health hazards but do not account for the level of exposure or individual susceptibility, factors which determine actual health risks, if any. Learn more | Legal Disclaimer
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Beyond providing Skin Deep® as an educational tool for consumers, EWG offers its EWG VERIFIED™ mark as a quick and easily identifiable way of conveying personal care products that meet EWG's strict health criteria. Before a company can use EWG VERIFIED™ on such products, the company must show that it fully discloses the products' ingredients on their labels or packaging, they do not contain EWG ingredients of concern, and are made with good manufacturing practices, among other criteria. Note that EWG receives licensing fees from all EWG VERIFIED™ member companies that help to support the important work we do. Learn more | Legal Disclaimer
