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LIMONENE
Score:
Data: Good
- Other Concerns
- Functions
- About the Chemical
- Synonyms
-
Use restrictions (moderate), Ecotoxicology (low), and Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs) (high)
Cancer 
Cancer: Ingredients linked to cancer in government, industry or academic studies or assessments.
Developmental & Reproductive Toxicity
Developmental and reproductive toxicity: Ingredients linked to developmental and reproductive toxicity, a broad class of health effects that range from infertility and reproductive organ cancers to birth defects and developmental delays in children.
Allergies & Immunotoxicity
Allergies and immunotoxicity: Ingredients linked to harm to the immune system, a class of health problems that manifest as allergic reactions or an impaired capacity to fight disease and repair damaged tissue in the body.
Products with this Ingredient
| facial moisturizer/treatment | 167 products |
| lipstick | 165 products |
| shampoo | 155 products |
| moisturizer | 132 products |
| fragrance for women | 118 products |
| body wash/cleanser | 117 products |
| conditioner | 110 products |
| serums & essences | 108 products |
| foundation | 101 products |
| moisturizer with SPF | 98 products |
| lip gloss | 93 products |
| facial cleanser | 76 products |
| mask | 65 products |
| exfoliant/scrub | 58 products |
| bath oil/salts/soak | 58 products |
| lip balm | 57 products |
| hair treatment/serum | 49 products |
| fragrance for men | 38 products |
| beach & sport sunscreen | 38 products |
| liquid hand soap | 33 products |
| hair styling aide | 32 products |
| styling gel/lotion | 32 products |
| antiperspirant/deodorant | 31 products |
| bar soap | 30 products |
| hand cream | 29 products |
| bronzer/highlighter | 29 products |
| lip balm with SPF | 26 products |
| body oil | 23 products |
| hair spray | 21 products |
| shaving cream | 19 products |
| toners/astringents | 18 products |
| makeup remover | 17 products |
| blush | 16 products |
| makeup primer | 15 products |
| body spray | 14 products |
| body firming lotion | 14 products |
| concealer | 14 products |
| lip liner | 14 products |
| sunless tanning | 12 products |
| hair color and bleaching | 11 products |
| around-eye cream | 10 products |
| styling mousse/foam | 9 products |
| baby shampoo | 9 products |
| detangler | 8 products |
| bubble bath | 8 products |
| BB cream | 8 products |
| lip plumper | 7 products |
| shaving cream (men's) | 6 products |
| Facial Sun Care | 6 products |
| hand sanitizer | 6 products |
| baby soap | 6 products |
| eye shadow | 6 products |
| vapor rubs | 6 products |
| anti-aging | 5 products |
| foot moisturizer | 5 products |
| antiperspirant/deodorant (men's) | 5 products |
| other men's products | 5 products |
| toothpaste | 5 products |
| baby lotion | 5 products |
| mouthwash | 5 products |
| after shave | 4 products |
| baby oil | 4 products |
| mascara | 4 products |
| after sun product | 3 products |
| baby bubble bath | 3 products |
| beard oil | 3 products |
| oil controller | 3 products |
| facial powder | 2 products |
| muscle/joint soreness | 2 products |
| eye makeup remover | 2 products |
| baby sunscreen | 2 products |
| makeup with SPF | 1 products |
| cuticle treatment | 1 products |
| foot cleansing | 1 products |
| baby powder | 1 products |
| baby wipes | 1 products |
| other eye makeup | 1 products |
| hair relaxer | 1 products |
| CC cream | 1 products |
| damaged skin treatment | 1 products |
Allergies/immunotoxicity
| Concern | Reference |
|---|---|
| Known human any toxicant or allergen | Opinion on Frangrance allergens in cosmetics (2011), EU Cosmetics Directive |
| Possible human immune system toxicant or allergen | SCCPNFP, 1999 "Opinion Concerning Fragrance Allergy In Consumers," Scientific Committee On Cosmetic Products And Non-Food Products. SCCNFP/0017/98 Final, December 1999. |
| Limited evidence of immune system toxicity or allergies | CPS&Q - Classification & Labelling |
| Limited evidence of immune system toxicity or allergies | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs)
| Concern | Reference |
|---|---|
| Classified as irritant | CPS&Q - Classification & Labelling |
Use restrictions
| Concern | Reference |
|---|---|
| Recommended restricted in cosmetics - use, concentration, or manufacturing restrictions - Fragrance subject to restrictions: safe only if satisfies manufacturing specifications or purity limits, according to industry safety panel (International Fragrance Association) | IFRA_Standard_45html |
| Restricted in cosmetics - labeling requirement for allergens | CosIng |
Developmental/reproductive toxicity
| Concern | Reference |
|---|---|
| One or more animal studies show developmental effects at high doses | Kodama R, Okubo A,Araki E,Noda K,Ide H, Ikeda T Studies on d-limonene as a gallstone solubilizer. (VII). Effects on development of mouse fetuses and offsprings 1977; Oyo Yakuri. 13(6): 863-873. |
Ecotoxicology
| Concern | Reference |
|---|---|
| Wildlife and environmental toxicity | CPS&Q - Classification & Labelling |
| Suspected to be an environmental toxin | Environment Canada 2015. Domestic Substance List. Appears as: listid: ECDSL-05951; Chemical_Name: Cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-, (S)-; ; CAS: 5989-54-8 |
| Not suspected to be an environmental toxin | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
Miscellaneous
| Concern | Reference |
|---|---|
| Occupational hazards related to handling | CPS&Q - Classification & Labelling |
Cancer
| Concern | Reference |
|---|---|
| Limited or incomplete evidence of cancer according to safety/hazard data – government assessment cannot classify as human carcinogen due to data gaps | World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer IARC Monographs Programme on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lists of Group 1, 2a, and 2b substances can be obtained. http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php; Vol 73;1999 |
Data gaps
| Concern | Reference |
|---|---|
| 2859 studies in PubMed science library may include information on the toxicity of this chemical | NLM PubMed |
Multiple, additive exposure sources
| Concern | Reference |
|---|---|
| Designated as safe for general or specific, limited use in food | FDA Everything Added to Food |
Informational
| Concern | Reference |
|---|---|
| Industry or government recommendations for safe use: restrictions on concentration, impurities, product types, or manufacturing methods - Fragrance subject to restrictions: safe only if satisfies manufacturing specifications or purity limits, according to industry safety panel (International Fragrance Association) | IFRA_Standard_45html |
Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
| Concern | Reference |
|---|---|
| Classified as not expected to be potentially toxic or harmful | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
| Classified as a low human health priority | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
Persistence and bioaccumulation
| Concern | Reference |
|---|---|
| Not suspected to be persistent | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
| Not suspected to be bioaccumulative | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
Data Sources
- Opinion on Frangrance allergens in cosmetics (2011), EU Cosmetics Directive
- SCCPNFP, 1999 "Opinion Concerning Fragrance Allergy In Consumers," Scientific Committee On Cosmetic Products And Non-Food Products. SCCNFP/0017/98 Final, December 1999.
- CPS&Q (Consumer Products Safety & Quality) formely known as ECB (European Chemicals Bureau). 2008. Classification and Labelling: Chemicals: Annex VI of Directive 67/548/EEC through the 31st ATP.
- NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents.
- IFRA_Standard_45html
- European Commission. 2013. Cosing, the European Commission database with information on cosmetic substances and ingredients. Accessed on March 1, 2013 at http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/cosmetics/cosing/ .
- Kodama R, Okubo A,Araki E,Noda K,Ide H, Ikeda T Studies on d-limonene as a gallstone solubilizer. (VII). Effects on development of mouse fetuses and offsprings 1977; Oyo Yakuri. 13(6): 863-873.
- Environment Canada 2015. Domestic Substance List. Appears as: listid: ECDSL-05951; Chemical_Name: Cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-, (S)-; ; CAS: 5989-54-8
- EC (Environment Canada). 2008. Domestic Substances List Categorization. Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) Environmental Registry.
- World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer IARC Monographs Programme on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lists of Group 1, 2a, and 2b substances can be obtained. http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php; Vol 73;1999
- NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2012. PubMed online scientific bibliography data. http://www.pubmed.gov.
- FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration). 2008. EAFUS [Everything Added to Food]: A Food Additive Database. FDA Office of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition.
- Products with the EWG VERIFIED mark have met use restrictions and warnings based on EWG review of company data.
ABOUT THE SKIN DEEP® RATINGS
EWG provides information on personal care product ingredients from the published scientific literature, to supplement incomplete data available from companies and the government. The ratings below indicate the relative level of concern posed by exposure to the ingredients in this product - not the product itself - compared to other product formulations. The ratings reflect potential health hazards but do not account for the level of exposure or individual susceptibility, factors which determine actual health risks, if any. Learn more | Legal Disclaimer
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Beyond providing Skin Deep® as an educational tool for consumers, EWG offers its EWG VERIFIED™ mark as a quick and easily identifiable way of conveying personal care products that meet EWG's strict health criteria. Before a company can use EWG VERIFIED™ on such products, the company must show that it fully discloses the products' ingredients on their labels or packaging, they do not contain EWG ingredients of concern, and are made with good manufacturing practices, among other criteria. Note that EWG receives licensing fees from all EWG VERIFIED™ member companies that help to support the important work we do. Learn more | Legal Disclaimer
