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D&C Red No. 17 (CI 26100)
Score:
Data: Fair
- Other Concerns
- Functions
- About the Chemical
- Synonyms
-
Use restrictions (high), Endocrine disruption (low), Persistence and bioaccumulation (moderate), Non-reproductive organ system toxicity (moderate), Ecotoxicology (low), Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs) (low), and Contamination concerns (high)
Cancer 
Cancer: Ingredients linked to cancer in government, industry or academic studies or assessments.
Developmental & Reproductive Toxicity
Developmental and reproductive toxicity: Ingredients linked to developmental and reproductive toxicity, a broad class of health effects that range from infertility and reproductive organ cancers to birth defects and developmental delays in children.
Allergies & Immunotoxicity
Allergies and immunotoxicity: Ingredients linked to harm to the immune system, a class of health problems that manifest as allergic reactions or an impaired capacity to fight disease and repair damaged tissue in the body.
Products with this Ingredient
| hair treatment/serum | 8 products |
| polish remover | 7 products |
| fragrance for men | 2 products |
| hair styling aide | 1 products |
| nail polish | 1 products |
| body oil | 1 products |
| conditioner | 1 products |
| hair color and bleaching | 1 products |
| beach & sport sunscreen | 1 products |
Contamination concerns
| Chemical |
|---|
| P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE |
Use restrictions
| Concern | Reference |
|---|---|
| Violation of government restrictions - Restricted in cosmetics; use, concentration, or manufacturing restrictions - Color additive approved by FDA for use in cosmetics: external use only | FDA Color Additive Status |
| Restricted in cosmetics (recommendations or requirements) - use, concentration, or manufacturing restrictions - Use is restricted in Canadian cosmetics | Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics Ingredients |
Persistence and bioaccumulation
| Concern | Reference |
|---|---|
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife | Canada PBTs - Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET) |
Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
| Concern | Reference |
|---|---|
| Classified as expected to be toxic or harmful | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
| Substance disrupts function of liver enzymes. | European Commission, Scientific Committee on Consumer Products (SCCP) 2005. Opinion on the use of CI 26100 (CI Solvent Red 23) as a colorant in cosmetic products. |
Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs)
| Concern | Reference |
|---|---|
| Substances has marginal irritant properties to skin and mucous membranes. | European Commission, Scientific Committee on Consumer Products (SCCP) 2005. Opinion on the use of CI 26100 (CI Solvent Red 23) as a colorant in cosmetic products. |
| Classified as causes serious eye damage and causes skin/respiratory irritation | European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) 2020. GHS Data from ECHA Website. Appears as: ; cas_numbers: 85-86-9 |
Cancer
| Concern | Reference |
|---|---|
| Studies of carcinogenic potential to date have been inadequate. | European Commission, Scientific Committee on Consumer Products (SCCP) 2005. Opinion on the use of CI 26100 (CI Solvent Red 23) as a colorant in cosmetic products. |
| Limited or incomplete evidence of cancer according to safety/hazard data – government assessment cannot classify as human carcinogen due to data gaps | World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer IARC Monographs Programme on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lists of Group 1, 2a, and 2b substances can be obtained. http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php; Vol 8, Suppl. 7 ;1987 |
Endocrine disruption
| Concern | Reference |
|---|---|
| This substance disrupts endocrine receptor expression in vivo. | Zein Shaban, Samir El-Shazly, Shawky Abdelhady, Ibrahim Fattouh, Kaampwe Muzandu, Mayumi Ishizuka, Kazuhiro Kimura, Akio Kazusaka & Shoichi Fujita 2004. Down regulation of hepatic PPARalpha function by AhR ligand. The Journal of veterinary medical science 66(11), 1377-86. |
| Modeling suggests possible endocrine activity. | National Toxicology Program (NTP) 2020. EWG Toxcast Analysis. Appears as: CAS: 85-86-9; |
Ecotoxicology
| Concern | Reference |
|---|---|
| Suspected to be an environmental toxin and be persistent or bioaccumulative | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
| Suspected to be an environmental toxin | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
| Classified as may cause long lasting harmful effects to aquatic life. | European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) 2020. GHS Data from ECHA Website. Appears as: ; cas_numbers: 85-86-9 |
Data gaps
| Concern | Reference |
|---|---|
| 409 studies in PubMed science library may include information on the toxicity of this chemical | NLM PubMed |
Informational
| Concern | Reference |
|---|---|
| Industry or government recommendations for safe use: restrictions on concentration, impurities, product types, or manufacturing methods - Color additive approved by FDA for use in cosmetics: external use only | FDA Color Additive Status |
| Industry or government recommendations for safe use: restrictions on concentration, impurities, product types, or manufacturing methods - Color Additives - Batch Certified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration | CTFA International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook |
Data Sources
- FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) 2006. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Color Additive Status List. September 2006.
- Health Canada. 2007. List of Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetic Ingredients. Canada's Cosmetic Ingredient Hotlist. March 2007.
- EC (Environment Canada). 1994. Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET). ARET substance list of persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals.
- EC (Environment Canada). 2008. Domestic Substances List Categorization. Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) Environmental Registry.
- European Commission, Scientific Committee on Consumer Products (SCCP) 2005. Opinion on the use of CI 26100 (CI Solvent Red 23) as a colorant in cosmetic products.
- European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) 2020. GHS Data from ECHA Website. Appears as: ; cas_numbers: 85-86-9
- World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer IARC Monographs Programme on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lists of Group 1, 2a, and 2b substances can be obtained. http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php; Vol 8, Suppl. 7 ;1987
- Zein Shaban, Samir El-Shazly, Shawky Abdelhady, Ibrahim Fattouh, Kaampwe Muzandu, Mayumi Ishizuka, Kazuhiro Kimura, Akio Kazusaka & Shoichi Fujita 2004. Down regulation of hepatic PPARalpha function by AhR ligand. The Journal of veterinary medical science 66(11), 1377-86.
- National Toxicology Program (NTP) 2020. EWG Toxcast Analysis. Appears as: CAS: 85-86-9;
- NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2012. PubMed online scientific bibliography data. http://www.pubmed.gov.
- CTFA (Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association). 2006. International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, 11th Edition. Color Additive Information. Washington, DC.
- This ingredient’s score is higher if used in products intended for damaged skin due to increased risk of absorption.
- This ingredient’s score is higher if used in products intended for use around mouth due to increased risk of ingestion and absorption.
- This ingredient’s score is higher if used in products intended for use on lips due to increased risk of ingestion and absorption.
- This ingredient’s score is higher if used in products intended for use around the eyes due to increased risk of absorption.
- Products with the EWG VERIFIED mark have met the program’s impurity and use restrictions based on EWG's review of the company's data.
ABOUT THE SKIN DEEP® RATINGS
EWG provides information on personal care product ingredients from the published scientific literature, to supplement incomplete data available from companies and the government. The ratings below indicate the relative level of concern posed by exposure to the ingredients in this product - not the product itself - compared to other product formulations. The ratings reflect potential health hazards but do not account for the level of exposure or individual susceptibility, factors which determine actual health risks, if any. Learn more | Legal Disclaimer
ABOUT EWG VERIFIED™
Beyond providing Skin Deep® as an educational tool for consumers, EWG offers its EWG VERIFIED™ mark as a quick and easily identifiable way of conveying personal care products that meet EWG's strict health criteria. Before a company can use EWG VERIFIED™ on such products, the company must show that it fully discloses the products' ingredients on their labels or packaging, they do not contain EWG ingredients of concern, and are made with good manufacturing practices, among other criteria. Note that EWG receives licensing fees from all EWG VERIFIED™ member companies that help to support the important work we do. Learn more | Legal Disclaimer
