Evidence
Health issue
Level of Concern
Source
Component: D-LIMONENE
EPA testing shows this substance has high acute toxicity to aquatic life
EPA testing shows this substance has high acute toxicity to aquatic life
some
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): EPA Fathead Minnow Acute Toxicity Database
The European Commission's Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety reports this substance is an established contact allergen in humans.
some
EU Cosmetics Directive: Opinion on Frangrance allergens in cosmetics (2011)
Component: D-LIMONENE
Recognized by the European Union as a skin allergen
Recognized by the European Union as a skin allergen
some
EU Cosmetics Directive: Allergen list
Component: D-LIMONENE
The European Commission's Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety reports this substance is an established contact allergen in humans.
The European Commission's Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety reports this substance is an established contact allergen in humans.
some
EU Cosmetics Directive: Opinion on Frangrance allergens in cosmetics (2011)
Component: D-LIMONENE
dermatitis, skin allergy
dermatitis, skin allergy
some
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1994. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Limonene.
Component: D-LIMONENE
This peer-reviewed study reports this substance causes occupational asthma.
This peer-reviewed study reports this substance causes occupational asthma.
some
Fabrizio Guarneri, Olga Barbuzza, Mario Vaccaro & Giuseppe Galtieri. 2008. Allergic contact dermatitis and asthma caused by limonene in a labourer handling citrus fruits. Contact dermatitis 58(5), 315-6.
Component: D-LIMONENE
skin irritation
skin irritation
some
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1994. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Limonene.
May cause an allergic skin reaction
Only in: Household Cleaners
Only in: Household Cleaners
some
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA): GHS Data from ECHA Website
Causes skin irritation
Only in: Household Cleaners
Only in: Household Cleaners
some
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA): GHS Data from ECHA Website
Component: D-LIMONENE
Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans
Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans
low
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): Agents classified by the IARC Monographs (through Volume 127)
Orange oil exhibits antioxidant properties in vitro.
low
Chao Yang, Hui Chen, Hongli Chen, Balian Zhong, Xuzhong Luo & Jiong Chun. 2017. Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Essential Oil from Gannan Navel Orange Peel. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 22(8).
A review article reports this substance may have anticarcinogenic activity
low
F. Bakkali, S. Averbeck, D. Averbeck & M. Idaomar. 2008. Biological effects of essential oils--a review. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 46(2), 446-75.
A peer-reviewed study reports that botanical oils prevent oxidative damage.
low
Kevin P. Anthony, Suziat A. Deolu-Sobogun & Mahmoud A. Saleh. 2012. Comprehensive assessment of antioxidant activity of essential oils. Journal of food science 77(8), C839-43.
This substance is Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) as a food additive by the US Food and Drug Administration
Only in: Household Cleaners
Only in: Household Cleaners
low
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA): FDA - Priority based Assessment of Food Additive (PAFA)
A review article reports this substance is not mutagenic
low
F. Bakkali, S. Averbeck, D. Averbeck & M. Idaomar. 2008. Biological effects of essential oils--a review. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 46(2), 446-75.
Component: D-LIMONENE
This substance is Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) as a food additive by the US Food and Drug Administration
Only in: Household Cleaners
This substance is Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) as a food additive by the US Food and Drug Administration
Only in: Household Cleaners
low
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA): FDA - Priority based Assessment of Food Additive (PAFA)
Component: D-LIMONENE
developmental and reproductive toxicity
developmental and reproductive toxicity
low
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1994. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Limonene.
Component: D-LIMONENE
mutagenicity and/or DNA damage
mutagenicity and/or DNA damage
low
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1994. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Limonene.
