Known to cause cancer
California OEHHA (Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment): Proposition 65 List (2020 Update)
Clear evidence of endocrine disruption in at least one animal study
EU Endocrine: EU Endocrine Disrupters
Reasonably Anticipated To Be Human Carcinogen
National Toxicology Program (NTP): NTP 14th Report on Carcinogens
The National Toxicology Program reports this substance shows equivocal evidence of carcinogenicity. Some male rats developed tumors and two female rats developed rare brain tumors.
National Toxicology Program. 1982. Carcinogenesis Bioassay of Propyl Gallate (CAS No. 121-79-9) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Study).
Possibly carcinogenic to humans
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): Agents classified by the IARC Monographs (through Volume 127)
A peer-reviewed study found this substance may have effects on endocrine signaling.
Alessio Amadasi, Andrea Mozzarelli, Clara Meda, Adriana Maggi & Pietro Cozzini. 2009. Identification of xenoestrogens in food additives by an integrated in silico and in vitro approach. Chemical research in toxicology 22(1), 52-63.
A peer-reviewed study found this substance may have effects on hormone signaling.
Marcel G. R. ter Veld, Bastiaan Schouten, Jochem Louisse, Daan S. van Es, Paul T. van der Saag, Ivonne M. C. M. Rietjens & Albertinka J. Murk. 2006. Estrogenic potency of food-packaging-associated plasticizers and antioxidants as detected in ERalpha and ERbeta reporter gene cell lines. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 54(12), 4407-16.
NTP Toxcast scored 2.5-3.5
National Toxicology Program (NTP): EWG Toxcast Analysis
NTP Toxcast scored 1.5-2.5
National Toxicology Program (NTP): EWG Toxcast Analysis