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BLUE 1

BLUE 1
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Overall BLUE 1 is of lower concern in food.

The overall ingredient concern is determined by using a weight of evidence evaluation of the known safety or hazards. In calculating an overall ingredient score multiple findings of low concern may lead to an overall moderate concern rating, or multiple moderate concerns may lead to a high concern rating. For more details read EWG's ingredient concern methodology.

Specific concerns for BLUE 1

Concern
 
 
Source
Synthetic food dyes are associated with adverse neurobehavioral outcomes in children.
 
2021. Potential Neurobehavioral Effects of Synthetic Food Dyes in Children. California Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment.
Structurally related substances are classified by IARC as known, probable, and possible human carcinogens (International Agency for Research on Carcinogens).
 
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): Agents classified by the IARC Monographs (through Volume 127)
A review study found that cell-based screening tests suggest the potential for neurotoxicity.
 
Peer Reviewed Literature: Kobylewski, S. & Jacobson, M.F. 2012. Toxicology of food dyes. International journal of occupational and environmental health 18(3), 220-46.
A review study found that cell-based screening tests suggest the potential for neurotoxicity.
 
Peer Reviewed Literature: Kobylewski, S. & Jacobson, M.F. 2012. Toxicology of food dyes. International journal of occupational and environmental health 18(3), 220-46.
NTP Toxcast scored 2.5-3.5
 
National Toxicology Program (NTP): EWG Toxcast Analysis
NTP Toxcast scored 2.5-3.5
 
National Toxicology Program (NTP): EWG Toxcast Analysis
Neurobehavioral effects observed in animal study.
 
Toyohito Tanaka, Osamu Takahashi, Akiko Inomata, Akio Ogata & Dai Nakae. 2012. Reproductive and neurobehavioral effects of brilliant blue FCF in mice. Birth defects research. Part B, Developmental and reproductive toxicology 95(6), 395-409.

Concerns from impurities

Concern
 
 
Source
Impurity: ANILINE
Suspected of causing genetic defects
 
EU GHS Hazard Labeling Codes: GHS Hazard Codes
Impurity: ANILINE
Suspected of causing cancer
 
EU GHS Hazard Labeling Codes: GHS Hazard Codes
Impurity: ANILINE
Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure
 
EU GHS Hazard Labeling Codes: GHS Hazard Codes
Impurity: ANILINE
Known to cause cancer
 
California OEHHA (Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment): Proposition 65 List (2020 Update)
Impurity: CADMIUM
Suspected of causing genetic defects
 
EU GHS Hazard Labeling Codes: GHS Hazard Codes
Impurity: CADMIUM
May cause cancer
 
EU GHS Hazard Labeling Codes: GHS Hazard Codes
Impurity: CADMIUM
Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure
 
EU GHS Hazard Labeling Codes: GHS Hazard Codes
Impurity: CADMIUM
Suspected of damaging fertility.
 
EU GHS Hazard Labeling Codes: GHS Hazard Codes
Impurity: CADMIUM
Suspected of damaging the unborn child.
 
EU GHS Hazard Labeling Codes: GHS Hazard Codes
Impurity: CADMIUM
Carcinogenic to humans
 
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): Agents classified by the IARC Monographs (through Volume 127)
Impurity: CADMIUM
Known To Be Human Carcinogen
 
National Toxicology Program (NTP): NTP 14th Report on Carcinogens
Impurity: ANILINE
Probably carcinogenic to humans
 
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) - Cancer
Impurity: ANILINE
Probably carcinogenic to humans
 
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): Agents classified by the IARC Monographs (through Volume 127)
Impurity: CADMIUM
Probably carcinogenic to humans
 
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) - Cancer
 

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