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Selenium (total) in South Dakota

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Selenium is a naturally occurring element that contaminates water due to mining or petrolum refining, fly-ash from coal-burning power plants, and irrigation of arid farmland soils high in selenium. [read more]

Selenium Selenium is a naturally occurring mineral element that is distributed widely in nature and is found in most rocks and soils. In the environment selenium typically combines with sulfide minerals or with silver, copper, lead and nickel metals. Selenium is an essential nutrient, but high doses are toxic to humans and wildlife. Selenium and related compounds are used in photographic devices, plastics, paints, anti-dandruff shampoos, vitamin and mineral supplements, fungicides and some types of glass (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 2003c). Selenium pollution is a worldwide phenomenon and is associated with a broad spectrum of human activities, ranging from the most basic agricultural practices to the most high-tech industrial processes (Lemly 2003). Industrial emissions of selenium frequently come from burning coal; fly-ash landfills with residues from coal-fired power plants act as sources of selenium contamination in local soils, waters, and food (Gutenmann 1976). Selenium is also released as a byproduct of gold, silver, copper, nickel and phosphorus mining and from petroleum refinery effluents (Mars 2003; USEPA 2008a; Miller 2009). An example of selenium-releasing mining activities is West Virginia mountaintop mining, where selenium-bearing minerals are exposed to weathering (USEPA 2008a). Selenium enters water supplies by washing from soil at hazardous waste sites and abandoned uranium or coal mines (Muscatello 2009). Selenium pollution of lakes and streams near copper and nickel mines has also been reported (Nriagu 1983). Toxic levels of selenium in water bodies may be also caused by irrigation of farmland soils that are naturally high in selenium. In western United States agricultural areas such as the the San Joaquin Valley of California, irrigation results in soil build-up of salt and selenium that are transported by irrigation drainage to wetlands and other water bodies (Presser 2004). Selenium toxicity problems associated with irrigated agriculture on arid farmland have yet to be adequately resolved (U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 1998, 2008; Presser 2007). People are exposed to selenium through air, food and water, with most exposure coming from food followed by water (WHO 2004a). Depending upon the level of intake, selenium can have nutritional or possibly toxic effects. As an essential trace element in humans and animals, selenium is a biologically active part of a number of important proteins, particularly enzymes involved in antioxidant defense mechanisms and thyroid hormone metabolism. Selenium is essential for converting precursor thyroid hormone T4 into its active form, T3; yet, high doses of selenium can cause decreased thyroid hormone production, a condition called hypothyroidism (ATSDR 2003c). Long-term exposure to higher levels of selenium causes brittle hair as well as loss of nails and hair (ATSDR 2003c; WHO 2004a). Aquatic selenium pollution poses great threats to aquatic life (Lemly 2003). Selenium bioaccumulates in water-living organisms as diverse as bacteria, fungi, algae, muscles, fish, snakes, alligators, birds and mammals (Ogle 1989; Lemly 1996; Hoffman 2003). Selenium toxicosis in many of these organisms is associated with impaired health and reproduction (Hoffman 2003). Eggs and larvae of fish and birds are very sensitive to lethal or teratogenic effects (developmental abnormalities and deformities) due to selenium transferred to the eggs from the body of the female parent (Hoffman 2003). Selenium has been identified as the agent responsible for mortality and reproductive failure in birds at a number of contaminated sites in the United States (USEPA 2008a; USGS 2008). Millions of pounds of selenium and selenium compounds are released into the environment every year. Solvent recovery and electric utility industries account for the majority of selenium pollution with highest releases in Alabama (almost 700,000 pounds) and Nevada (nearly 500,000 pounds) (USEPA 2009i).

The Most Polluted Communities in South Dakota

70 water utilities reported detecting Selenium (total) in tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies

Ranked by highest average Selenium (total) level

Rank	System	Population Served	Positive test results of total reported tests	Average Level (Range)
1	Rimrock Highland Estates SD	75	1 of 1	23 ppb (23 ppb)
2	Autumn Meadows SD	68	1 of 1	16 ppb (16 ppb)
3	Heartland Country Ranchettes Black Hawk, SD	92	1 of 1	13 ppb (13 ppb)
4	D&j Mobile Home Park Black Hawk, SD	100	1 of 1	12 ppb (12 ppb)
5	Hermosa-Old System Hermosa, SD	32	1 of 1	8 ppb (8 ppb)
6	Spring Creek Acres SD	80	1 of 1	8 ppb (8 ppb)
7	Grass Land Colony Westport, SD	117	1 of 1	7.7 ppb (7.7 ppb)
8	Rolling Dice Subdivision SD	102	1 of 1	7 ppb (7 ppb)
9	Deerfield Colony Ipswich, SD	120	1 of 1	6.9 ppb (6.9 ppb)
10	Long Lake Colony Westport, SD	80	1 of 1	6.9 ppb (6.9 ppb)

Health Based Limits for Selenium (total)

Standard	Description	Level
Maximum Contaminant Limit (MCL)	The enforceable standard which defines the highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to health-based limits (Maximum Contaminant Level Goals, or MCLGs) as feasible using the best available analytical and treatment technologies and taking cost into consideration. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.	50 ppb
Maximum Contaminant Limit Goal (MCLG)	A non-enforceable health goal that is set at a level at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons occurs and which allows an adequate margin of safety. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.	50 ppb
Lifetime health-based limit, non-cancer risk	Concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects for a lifetime of exposure. The Lifetime health-based limit (or Health Advisory, HA) is based on exposure for a a 70-kg adult consuming 2 liters of water per day. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.	50 ppb
EPA Human Health Water Quality Criteria	Water quality criteria set by the US EPA provide guidance for states and tribes authorized to establish water quality standards under the Clean Water Act (CWA) to protect human health. These are non-enforceable standards based upon exposure by both drinking water and the contribution of water contamination to other consumed foods. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.	170 ppb
Drinking Water Equivalent Level	A lifetime exposure concentration protective of adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects, that assumes all of the exposure to a contaminant is from drinking water. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.	200 ppb

Violation Summary for Selenium (total) in South Dakota

Data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency includes the following violations of federal standards in South Dakota since 2004

Violation Type	Number of Violations
Failure to monitor regularly	2