National Drinking Water Database
National Drinking Water Database - Chemical Contaminants
p,p'-DDT
Status: Unregulated - EPA has not established a maximum legal limit in tapwater for this contaminant.
para-para DDT is toxic and persistent insecticide banned in the U.S. and most other countries.
Detected |
Found above health guidelines |
Found above legal limit |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| States | 1 |
1 |
- |
| Water utilities | 1 |
1 |
- |
| People Served | 201,000 |
201,000 |
- |
Health Concerns for p,p'-DDT:
- Cancer
- Neurotoxicity
- Endocrine disruption
- Developmental/reproductive toxicity
- Persistence and bioaccumulation
- Occupational hazards
- Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
- Ecotoxicology
p,p'-DDT Exposure by State
Water utilities in 1 states have reported detecting p,p'-DDT in treated tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies.
| State | Water Suppliers with p,p'-DDT contamination | Water suppliers reporting p,p'-DDT above health-based limits | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systems | Population | Systems | Population | |
| Delaware | 1 | 201,000 | 1 | 201,000 |
| Total | 1 | 201,000 | 1 | 201,000 |
The Most Polluted Communities
1 water utilities reported detecting p,p'-DDT in tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies
Ranked by highest average p,p'-DDT level
| Rank | System | Population Served | Positive test results of total reported tests | Average Level (Range) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Artesian Water Company Newark, DE | 201,000 | 1 of 83 | < 0.01 ppb (0 to 0.02 ppb) |
Health Based Limits for p,p'-DDT
| Standard | Description | Level |
|---|---|---|
| EPA Human Health Water Quality Criteria | Water quality criteria set by the US EPA provide guidance for states and tribes authorized to establish water quality standards under the Clean Water Act (CWA) to protect human health. These are non-enforceable standards based upon exposure by both drinking water and the contribution of water contamination to other consumed foods. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | <0.01 ppb |
| Health-Based Screening Level | A benchmark concentration of contaminants in water that may be of potential concern for human health, if exceeded. For noncarcinogens, the HBSL represents the contaminant concentration in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse effects over a lifetime of exposure. For carcinogens, the HBSL range represents the contaminant concentration in drinking water that corresponds to an excess estimated lifetime cancer risk of 1 chance in 1 million to 1 chance in 10 thousand. Source: U.S. Geological Survey. | 0.1 ppb-10 ppb |
Testing Summary for p,p'-DDT
| Are tests routinely required for p,p'-DDT by federal law? | No |
| Water suppliers reporting tests for p,p'-DDT (2004-2009): | 1,664 of 47,576 |
| Average testing rate for water supplier reporting tests (2004-2009): | 0.3 per year |
Cancer
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Possible human carcinogen | EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) |
| Possible human carcinogen | NTP Report on Carcinogens, 11th Edition |
| Possible human carcinogen | California EPA Proposition 65 |
| Cancer - strong evidence | Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens |
| Limited evidence of carcinogenicity | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Limited evidence of carcinogenicity | Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens |
| Limited evidence of carcinogenicity | Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology 1980 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya 1973 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Hokkaidoritsu Eisei Kenkyushoho 1979 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1976 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1990 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1984 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1987 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Journal of Cell Biology 1970 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- "Insecticide Biochemistry and Physiology," Wilkinson, C 1976 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Food and Cosmetics Toxicology 1973 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 1975 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1975 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1981 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1995 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Archiv fuer Geschwulstforschung 1981 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 1974 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1979 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 1974 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 1986 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 2004 |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1981 |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 1981 |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Experientia 1985 |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 1974 |
| One or more in vitro tests on microorganisms show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Experientia 1974 |
| One or more in vitro tests on microorganisms show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 1969 |
Neurotoxicity
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Strong evidence of human neurotoxicity | Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans |
Endocrine disruption
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Human disruptor - strong evidence | European Commission on Endocrine Disruption |
| One or more studies show significant wildlife and the environment disruption | European Commission on Endocrine Disruption |
| Limited evidence of endocrine disruption | BKH/European Commission, 2000 |
| endocrine - weight of evidence unknown/unassessed/unreview: published lit review or major tox study | Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System |
| endocrine - weight of evidence unknown/unassessed/unreview: published lit review or major tox study | Our Stolen Future Endocrine Disruptors |
Developmental/reproductive toxicity
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Possible human developmental toxicant | California EPA Proposition 65 |
| Human developmental toxicant - strong evidence | Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens |
| Human reproductive toxicant - strong evidence | Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens |
| Human nervous system toxicant - moderate evidence | Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans |
Persistence and bioaccumulation
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife and humans | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife and humans | EU PTBs - PRIO database & Secondary PRIO database |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife and humans | United Nations Environment Programme/POPs Treaty |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife | Great Lakes BTS (Binational Toxics Strategy) PBTs |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife | OSPAR PBTs - Substances of Possible Concern |
Occupational hazards
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to low doses | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to low doses | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 |
Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Classified as toxic or harmful | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Limited evidence of gastrointestinal or liver toxicity | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
| Limited evidence of gastrointestinal or liver toxicity | Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004 |
| Limited evidence of cardiovascular or blood toxicity | LaDou, J, 1990 |
| Limited evidence of kidney toxicity | Merck & Co |
| One or more animal studies show classified as toxic effects at moderate doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient) | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
Ecotoxicology
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Wildlife and environmental toxicity | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Wildlife and environmental toxicity | EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants |
| Wildlife and environmental toxicity | Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System |
Government, industry, academic studies and classifications
| government/industry list/academic study | appears on list as | classification(s) |
| European Union - Classification & Labelling | DDT (COMMON NAME NOT ADOPTED BY ISO) | •Toxic •Toxic if swallowed •Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect •Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect •Dangerous for the environment •Very toxic to aquatic organisms |
| Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens | DDT (DICHLORODIPHENYL TRICHLOROETHANE) | •Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (ACGIH classification A3) |
| Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics | DDT | • P |
| Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics | DDT | • P |
| EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants | DDT | •Priority water pollutant under the Clean Water Act |
| Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System | DDT | •EPA: known endocrine disruptor |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | DDT [P,P'-DDT] | •IARC Group 2B: possible human carcinogen (International Agency for Research on Carcinogens) |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | DDT | •Restricted - Regulations that have banned or restricted the use of the agent: All agricultural uses cancelled in 1972 by EPA; [Sullivan, p. 660]; •Hepatotoxin: Hepatotoxin, Secondary; •PEL (OSHA) - Permissible exposure limit (OSHA): 1 mg/m3; •Bioaccumulates: Yes; •Other Poison: Organochlorine Pesticide; •IARC Carcinogen - International Agency for Research on Cancer; classifies chemicals as established (1), probable (2a), or possible (2b) human carcinogens: Possible Carcinogen; •TLV (ACGIH) - Threshold limit value (ACGIH): 1 mg/m3; •Flammability (NFPA) - NFPA flammability code: 0 = will not burn; 1 = must be preheated; 2 = high ambient temp required; 3 = may ignite at ambient temp; 4 = burn readily: 2: high ambient temperature required; •IDLH (NIOSH) - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health: 500 mg/m3;MA: 1 mg/ |
| Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants | 1,1'-(2,2,2-TRICHLOROETHYLIDENE)BIS[4-CHLORO-BENZENE | Restricted use under the Aahrus Protocol for Persistent Organic Pollutants |
| Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants | 1,1'-(2,2,2-TRICHLOROETHYLIDENE)BIS[4-CHLORO-BENZENE | Scheduled for elimination under Aahrus Protocol for Persistent Organic Pollutants |
| Great Lakes BTS (Binational Toxics Strategy) PBTs | 1,1'-(2,2,2-TRICHLOROETHYLIDENE)BIS[4-CHLORO-BENZENE | •Persistent, bioaccumulative toxicant - Great Lakes Binational Strategy, Tier 1 concern (highest), targeted for phase-out |
| OSPAR PBTs - Substances of Possible Concern | 1,1'-(2,2,2-TRICHLOROETHYLIDENE)BIS[4-CHLORO-BENZENE | •Persistent, bioaccumulative toxicant - Oslo-Paris (OSPAR) Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, chemical of concern |
| United Nations Environment Programme/POPs Treaty | 1,1'-(2,2,2-TRICHLOROETHYLIDENE)BIS[4-CHLORO-BENZENE | •Persistent, bioaccumulative toxicant - targeted for restrictions under international treaty (Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, or POPs Convention) |
| EU PTBs - PRIO database & Secondary PRIO database | DDT | •Persistent, bioaccumulative toxicant - European Chemicals Bureau PBT working group |
| EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) | P,P'-DICHLORODIPHENYLTRICHLOROETHANE (DDT) | •Group B2: Probable human carcinogen - sufficient data in animals (EPA classification) |
| NTP Report on Carcinogens, 11th Edition | DICHLORODIPHENYLTRICHLOROETHANE (DDT) | •Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen (National Toxicology Program classification) |
| Our Stolen Future Endocrine Disruptors | DDT | • |
| California EPA Proposition 65 | DDT (DICHLORODIPHENYL-TRICHLOROETHANE) | •Carcinogen: California Proposition 65 |
| California EPA Proposition 65 | P,P'-DDT | •Developmental toxin: California Proposition 65 •Reproductive toxin, female: California Proposition 65 |
| Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004 | DDT | •Gastrointestinal or liver toxicity hazards: suspected |
| BKH/European Commission, 2000 | DDT | •Endocrine toxicity hazards: suspected |
| LaDou, J, 1990 | DDT | •Cardiovascular or blood toxicity hazards: suspected |
| Merck & Co | DDT | •Kidney toxicity hazards: suspected |
| Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens | DDT | •Developmental toxicity hazards: recognized |
| Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens | DDT | •Cancer hazards: recognized |
| Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens | DDT | •Reproductive toxicity hazards: recognized |
| Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics Ingredients | CLOFENOTANE | •Prohibited from use in Canadian cosmetics |
| European Commission on Endocrine Disruption | DDT (TECHNICAL) = CLOFENOTANE | HH-CAT1;WF-CAT1 |
| European Commission on Endocrine Disruption | P,P'-DDT = CLOFENOTANE | HH-CAT1;WF-CAT1 |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 | DDT | • occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- "Insecticide Biochemistry and Physiology," Wilkinson, C 1976 | DDT | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (rat oth) |
| RTECS®- Archiv fuer Geschwulstforschung 1981 | DDT | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Inhibition (mouse ipr) |
| RTECS®- Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 1986 | DDT | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems (mammal fbr) |
| RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology 1980 | DDT | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Inhibition (rat oth) |
| RTECS®- Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 1974 | DDT | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (Drosophila melanogaster orl) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Dominant Lethal Strain (Drosophila melanogaster orl) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sex Chromosome Loss and Nondisjunction (Drosophila melanogaster orl) |
| RTECS®- Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 1975 | DDT | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: sperm (rat orl) |
| RTECS®- Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 1974 | DDT | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (mouse ipr) |
| RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1990 | DDT | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (rat orl) |
| RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1984 | DDT | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (rat lvr) |
| RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1987 | DDT | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (rat orl) |
| RTECS®- Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 1969 | DDT | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Dominant Lethal Strain (other insects orl) |
| RTECS®- Experientia 1974 | DDT | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (quail emb) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems (quail emb) |
| RTECS®- Experientia 1985 | DDT | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Inhibition (Drosophila melanogaster oth) |
| RTECS®- Food and Cosmetics Toxicology 1973 | DDT | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Dominant Lethal Strain (rat orl) |
| RTECS®- Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya 1973 | DDT | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems ( human fbr) |
| RTECS®- Hokkaidoritsu Eisei Kenkyushoho 1979 | DDT | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis ( human leu) |
| RTECS®- Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 1981 | DDT | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Inhibition (other micro-organisms ) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems (other micro-organisms ) |
| RTECS®- Journal of Cell Biology 1970 | DDT | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (rat ipr) |
| RTECS®- Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1975 | DDT | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (mouse emb) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1995 | DDT | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems (mouse orl) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1976 | DDT | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis ( human lym) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2004 | DDT | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (mouse oth) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1981 | DDT | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Adduct (Escherichia coli ) |
| RTECS®- Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1979 | DDT | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (mouse unr) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Dominant Lethal Strain (mouse orl) |
references
| government/industry list/academic study | reference |
| European Union - Classification & Labelling | CPS&Q (Consumer Products Safety & Quality) formely known as ECB (European Chemicals Bureau). 2008. Classification and Labelling: Chemicals: Annex VI of Directive 67/548/EEC through the 31st ATP. |
| Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens | ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) 2008. ACGIH cancer classification system. www.acgih.org. |
| Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics | AOEC (Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics). 2009. AEOC exposures codes and asthmagen designation. |
| EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants | |
| Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System | Illinois EPA (Illinois Environmental Protection Agency). 2000. Preliminary list of chemicals associated with endocrine system effects in animals and humans (*) or in vitro (+). In EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 2000. Handbook for Non-Cancer Health Effects Valuation, Appendix C. |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2008. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, as evaluated in IARC Monographs Volumes 1-99 (a total of 935 agents, mixtures and exposures). |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents. |
| Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants | Aarhus LRTAP. 1998. Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Geneva Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, United Nations Environment Program. |
| Great Lakes BTS (Binational Toxics Strategy) PBTs | Great Lakes BTS (Binational Toxics Strategy). 1997. Canada-United States Strategy for the Virtual Elimination of Persistent Toxic Substances in the Great Lakes. Appendix I - Level 1 and Level 2 substances. |
| OSPAR PBTs - Substances of Possible Concern | OSPAR (Oslo-Paris). 2002. OSPAR List of Substances of Possible Concern. Secondary OSPAR List of Substances of Possible Concern. Secondary OSPAR. Place Published, OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environement of North-East Atlanic. |
| United Nations Environment Programme/POPs Treaty | UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 2001. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) — POPs Treaty. |
| EU PTBs - PRIO database & Secondary PRIO database | EU (European Union). 2006. Persistent, bioaccumulative chemicals identified in PRIO database - a tool for risk reduction of chemicals. Secondary PRIO database - a tool for risk reduction of chemicals. Secondary Kemi. Place Published, Kemi-Swedish Chemicals Inspectorate. |
| EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2008. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Evidence for human carcinogenicity based on 1986-2005 guidelines. |
| NTP Report on Carcinogens, 11th Edition | NTP (National Toxicology Program). 2005. Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program. |
| Our Stolen Future Endocrine Disruptors | Colborn T, D Dumanoski, JP Myers. 2006. Widespread Pollutants with Endocrine-disrupting Effects. Updated from original listing in "Our Stolen Future" (1996). |
| California EPA Proposition 65 | California EPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). 9/2008. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986. Chemicals known to the State to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Minimal risk Levels for Hazardous Substances. January 2004. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls.html, Malachowsky, M.J. Health Effects of Toxic Substances. Government Institutes. Rockville, MD 1995., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | BKH/European Commission. Towards the establishment of a priority list of substances for further evaluation of their role in endocrine disruption: - preparation of a candidate list of substances as a basis for priority setting. Final report-November 2000. http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/docum/01262_en.htm#bkh. Category 1 chemicals from Annex 1: Candidate list of 553 substances. http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/docum/bkh_annex_01.pdf, Brucker-Davis, F. Effects of Environmental Synthetic Chemicals on Thyroid Function. Thyroid. 8(9): 827-856. 1998., Illinois EPA. Endocrine Disruptors Strategy. 1997. (Table 1: Preliminary List of Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System Effects in Animals and Humans or In Vitro). http://www.nihs.go.jp/hse/environ/illiepatable.htm, Japanese National Institute of Health Sciences. Lists of Paradigmatic Chemicals. http://www.nihs.go.jp/hse/endocrine-e/paradigm/paradigm.html, Keith, L.H. (ed.). Environmental Endocrine Disruptors. John Wiley & Sons, NY. 1997. http://www.wileyeurope.com/cda/product/0,,0471191450%7Cdesc%7C3037,00.html, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation., World Wildlife Fund. Our Stolen Future. Widespread Pollutants with Endocrine-disrupting Effects. http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemlist.htm. The WWF list is derived from references detailed at http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm and was originally published in: Colborn, T., F.S. vom Saal, and A.M. Soto. Developmental Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals In Wildlife and Humans. Environmental Health Perspectives 101(5): 378-384. 1993. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | LaDou, J. (ed.). Occupational Medicine. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CN. 1990., Malachowsky, M.J. Health Effects of Toxic Substances. Government Institutes. Rockville, MD 1995., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Merck & Co. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. TABLE 226-1. Common Nephrotoxic Agents http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/tables/226tb1.htm |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens (July 2004) can be obtained from http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens (July 2004) can be obtained from http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens (July 2004) can be obtained from http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html. |
| Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics Ingredients | Health Canada. 2007. List of Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetic Ingredients. Canada's Cosmetic Ingredient Hotlist. March 2007. |
| European Commission on Endocrine Disruption | EU (European Union)- Strategy for Endocrine Disrupters 2007. Commision on endocrin disruption requested by the European Parliament in 1998. |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 |
| RTECS®- "Insecticide Biochemistry and Physiology," Wilkinson, C 1976 | RTECS®- "Insecticide Biochemistry and Physiology," Wilkinson, C.F., ed., New York, Plenum Pub. Corp., 1976 -,555,1976 |
| RTECS®- Archiv fuer Geschwulstforschung 1981 | RTECS®- Archiv fuer Geschwulstforschung. (VEB Verlag Volk und Gesundheit Neue Gruenstr. 18, Berlin DDR-1020, Ger. Dem. Rep.) V.1- 51,605,1981 |
| RTECS®- Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 1986 | RTECS®- Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., Service Center, 44 Hartz Way, Secaucus, NJ 070944) V.1- 15,581,1986 |
| RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology 1980 | RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology. (Springer-Verlag, Heidelberger Pl. 3, D-1000 Berlin 33, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.32- 45,101,1980 |
| RTECS®- Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 1974 | RTECS®- Australian Journal of Biological Sciences. (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, 314 Albert St., E. Melbourne, Vic. 3002, Australia) V.6- 27,427,1974 |
| RTECS®- Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 1975 | RTECS®- Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., Service Center, 44 Hartz Way, Secaucus, NJ 07094) V.1- 14,171,1975 |
| RTECS®- Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 1974 | RTECS®- Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology. (National Research Council of Canada, Publication Sales and Distribution, Ottawa ON K1A OR6, Canada) V.1- 16,491,1974 |
| RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1990 | RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London). (Oxford Univ. Press, Pinkhill House, Southfield Road, Eynsham, Oxford OX8 1JJ, UK) V.1- 11,1413,1990 |
| RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1984 | RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London). (Oxford Univ. Press, Pinkhill House, Southfield Road, Eynsham, Oxford OX8 1JJ, UK) V.1- 5,1547,1984 |
| RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1987 | RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London). (Oxford Univ. Press, Pinkhill House, Southfield Road, Eynsham, Oxford OX8 1JJ, UK) V.1- 8,1433,1987 |
| RTECS®- Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 1969 | RTECS®- Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. (Kluwer Academic Pub. Group, Distribution Centre, POB 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, Netherlands) V.1- 12,221,1969 |
| RTECS®- Experientia 1974 | RTECS®- Experientia. (Birkhaeuser Verlag, POB 133, CH-4010 Basel, Switzerland) V.1- 30,920,1974 |
| RTECS®- Experientia 1985 | RTECS®- Experientia. (Birkhaeuser Verlag, POB 133, CH-4010 Basel, Switzerland) V.1- 41,745,1985 |
| RTECS®- Food and Cosmetics Toxicology 1973 | RTECS®- Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. (London, UK) V.1-19, 1963-81. For publisher information, see FCTOD7. 11,53,1973 |
| RTECS®- Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya 1973 | RTECS®- Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya. Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1-36, 1957-1992. For publisher information, see MTPEEI 17(3),32,1973 |
| RTECS®- Hokkaidoritsu Eisei Kenkyushoho 1979 | RTECS®- Hokkaidoritsu Eisei Kenkyushoho. Report of the Hokkaido Institute of Public Health. (Nishi- 12-chome, Kita-19-jo, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060, Japan) No.1- 29,33,1979 |
| RTECS®- Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 1981 | RTECS®- Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. (Publications & Information Directorate, CSIR, Hillside Rd., New Delhi 110 012, India) V.1- 19,568,1981 |
| RTECS®- Journal of Cell Biology 1970 | RTECS®- Journal of Cell Biology. (Rockefeller Univ. Press, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10003) V.12- 1962- 47,78a,1970 |
| RTECS®- Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1975 | RTECS®- Journal of the National Cancer Institute. (Washington, DC) V.1-60, 1940-78. For publisher information, see JJIND8. 54,981,1975 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1995 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 343,157,1995 |
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