National Drinking Water Database
National Drinking Water Database - Chemical Contaminants
Vinyl chloride
Status: Regulated - EPA has established a maximum legal limit in tapwater for this contaminant.
Vinyl chloride is a chemical used for production of PVC plastic; it contaminates drinking water due to leaching from PVC pipes and discharges from plastics manufacturing. [read more]
Detected |
Found above health guidelines |
Found above legal limit |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| States | 27 |
27 |
11 |
| Water utilities | 121 |
121 |
19 |
| People Served | 1,425,822 |
1,425,822 |
226,466 |
Health Concerns for Vinyl chloride:
- Cancer
- Neurotoxicity
- Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
- Allergies/immunotoxicity
- Developmental/reproductive toxicity
- Occupational hazards
- Biochemical or cellular level changes
- Ecotoxicology
- Persistence and bioaccumulation
- Miscellaneous
Vinyl chloride Exposure by State
Water utilities in 27 states have reported detecting Vinyl chloride in treated tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies.
| State | Water Suppliers with Vinyl chloride contamination | Water suppliers reporting Vinyl chloride above health-based limits | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systems | Population | Systems | Population | |
| New York | 10 | 316,701 | 10 | 316,701 |
| Indiana | 2 | 266,500 | 2 | 266,500 |
| Illinois | 24 | 182,630 | 24 | 182,630 |
| Florida | 4 | 158,332 | 4 | 158,332 |
| California | 4 | 107,315 | 4 | 107,315 |
| Minnesota | 6 | 97,322 | 6 | 97,322 |
| Wisconsin | 5 | 59,153 | 5 | 59,153 |
| Missouri | 17 | 50,000 | 17 | 50,000 |
| Connecticut | 1 | 33,143 | 1 | 33,143 |
| Ohio | 3 | 30,849 | 3 | 30,849 |
| Nebraska | 3 | 26,170 | 3 | 26,170 |
| Massachusetts | 2 | 25,677 | 2 | 25,677 |
| Arizona | 12 | 23,968 | 12 | 23,968 |
| New Jersey | 2 | 20,100 | 2 | 20,100 |
| Iowa | 3 | 7,953 | 3 | 7,953 |
| North Carolina | 3 | 3,508 | 3 | 3,508 |
| Delaware | 3 | 3,246 | 3 | 3,246 |
| Alaska | 1 | 3,092 | 1 | 3,092 |
| New Mexico | 1 | 2,401 | 1 | 2,401 |
| Arkansas | 3 | 2,355 | 3 | 2,355 |
| Virginia | 3 | 1,735 | 3 | 1,735 |
| Oklahoma | 3 | 1,675 | 3 | 1,675 |
| Pennsylvania | 1 | 640 | 1 | 640 |
| Utah | 1 | 620 | 1 | 620 |
| Alabama | 1 | 456 | 1 | 456 |
| New Hampshire | 2 | 180 | 2 | 180 |
| Michigan | 1 | 101 | 1 | 101 |
| Total | 121 | 1,425,822 | 121 | 1,425,822 |
The Most Polluted Communities
121 water utilities reported detecting Vinyl chloride in tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies
Ranked by highest average Vinyl chloride level
| Rank | System | Population Served | Positive test results of total reported tests | Average Level (Range) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Crestwood Crestwood, IL | 10,823 | 6 of 7 | 2.97 ppb (0 to 5 ppb) |
| 2 | Leflore Co Rwd # 3 Whitesboro, OK | 1,375 | 7 of 7 | 2.37 ppb (0.7 to 5.9 ppb) |
| 3 | Witches Brook Water Company Townsend, MA | 1,984 | 1 of 3 | 1.67 ppb (0 to 5 ppb) |
| 4 | Sauk Sauk Village, IL | 10,734 | 9 of 10 | 1.53 ppb (0 to 3.15 ppb) |
| 5 | Okarche Rwd Okarche, OK | 250 | 5 of 10 | 1.23 ppb (0 to 4.04 ppb) |
| 6 | Allegan County Services Center Allegan, MI | 101 | 1 of 1 | 1.2 ppb (1.2 ppb) |
| 7 | Saint Louis Park St Louis Park, MN | 44,126 | 24 of 27 | 1.1 ppb (0 to 3 ppb) |
| 8 | Jerdone Island Subdivision Bumpass, VA | 50 | 2 of 4 | 0.88 ppb (0 to 2.3 ppb) |
| 9 | Richardson Co. Rwd #2 Rulo, NE | 640 | 4 of 5 | 0.85 ppb (0 to 1.8 ppb) |
| 10 | Lyon-Sioux Rws-Boyden Rock Rapid, IA | 525 | 1 of 2 | 0.85 ppb (0 to 1.7 ppb) |
Health Based Limits for Vinyl chloride
| Standard | Description | Level |
|---|---|---|
| Maximum Contaminant Limit Goal (MCLG) | A non-enforceable health goal that is set at a level at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons occurs and which allows an adequate margin of safety. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 0 ppb |
| One in one million (10-6) Cancer Risk | The concentration of a chemical in drinking water corresponding to an excess estimated lifetime cancer risk of 1 in 1,000,000. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 0.02 ppb |
| California Public Health Goals | Defined by the State of California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) as the level of contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. For acutely toxic substances, levels are set at which scientific evidence indicates that no known or anticipated adverse effects on health will occur, plus an adequate margin-of safety. PHGs for carcinogens or other substances which can cause chronic disease shall be based solely on health effects without regard to cost impacts and shall be set at levels which OEHHA has determined do not pose any significant risk to health. | 0.05 ppb |
| Maximum Contaminant Limit (MCL) | The enforceable standard which defines the highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to health-based limits (Maximum Contaminant Level Goals, or MCLGs) as feasible using the best available analytical and treatment technologies and taking cost into consideration. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 2 ppb |
| One in ten thousand (10-4) Cancer Risk | The concentration of a chemical in drinking water corresponding to an excess estimated lifetime cancer risk of 1 in 10,000. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 2 ppb |
| EPA Human Health Water Quality Criteria | Water quality criteria set by the US EPA provide guidance for states and tribes authorized to establish water quality standards under the Clean Water Act (CWA) to protect human health. These are non-enforceable standards based upon exposure by both drinking water and the contribution of water contamination to other consumed foods. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 2 ppb |
| Drinking Water Equivalent Level | A lifetime exposure concentration protective of adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects, that assumes all of the exposure to a contaminant is from drinking water. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 100 ppb |
| Children's health-based limit for 1-day exposure | Concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects for up to one day of exposure. The One-Day health-based limit (or Health Advisory, HA) is typically set to protect a 10-kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 3000 ppb |
| Children's health-based limit for 10-day exposure | Concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse, noncarcinogenic effects for up to ten days of exposure. The Ten-Day health-based limit (or Health Advisory, HA) is typically set to protect a 10-kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 3000 ppb |
Testing Summary for Vinyl chloride
| Are tests routinely required for Vinyl chloride by federal law? | Yes |
| Water suppliers reporting tests for Vinyl chloride (2004-2009): | 33,520 of 47,576 |
| Average testing rate for water supplier reporting tests (2004-2009): | 0.6 per year |
Violation Summary for Vinyl chloride
Data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency includes the following violations of federal standards for Vinyl chloride since 2004
| Maximum Contaminant Level Exceedance Violations | 5 |
| Monitoring Violations | 3,853 |
| Reporting Violations | 0 |
Cancer
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Known human carcinogen | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Known human carcinogen | Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens |
| Known human carcinogen | EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) |
| Known human carcinogen | Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens |
| Known human carcinogen | NTP Report on Carcinogens, 11th Edition |
| Possible human carcinogen | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Possible human carcinogen | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
| Possible human carcinogen | California EPA Proposition 65 |
| Cancer - strong evidence | Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens |
| Limited evidence of carcinogenicity | NIOSH Occupational Carcinogens |
| Cancer - moderate evidence - gastrointestinal | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
| Cancer - limited evidence | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
| Cancer - limited evidence | Silent Spring's Mammary Carcinogens Reviews Database |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Toxicology 1978 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1997 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology 1981 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Chemico-Biological Interactions 1978 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Chemico-Biological Interactions 1981 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1984 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Chemico-Biological Interactions 1977 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Gigiena i Sanitariya 1978 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1981 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1980 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland) 1985 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1976 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Toxicological European Research 1981 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1988 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1979 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology 1980 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1978 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Environmental Science Research 1982 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 2008 |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1975 |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Cell Biology and Toxicology 1985 |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Biochemical Pharmacology 1975 |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1978 |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1996 |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1976 |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Toxicologist 2002 |
Neurotoxicity
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Strong evidence of human neurotoxicity | Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans |
Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Known human respiratory toxicant | EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants |
| Known human cardiovascular toxicant | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
| Possible human gastrointestinal toxicant | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
| Possible human hematologic toxicant | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
| Possible human respiratory toxicant | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
| Possible human musculoskeletal toxicant | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
| Limited evidence of cardiovascular toxicity | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
| Limited evidence of gastrointestinal or liver toxicity | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
| Limited evidence of gastrointestinal or liver toxicity | Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004 |
| Limited evidence of respiratory toxicity | A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases, 2000 |
| Limited evidence of cardiovascular or blood toxicity | LaDou, J, 1990 |
| Limited evidence of sense organ toxicity | California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, 2000 |
| One or more animal studies show classified as toxic effects at moderate doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient) | EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs |
| reproductive - weight of evidence unknown/unassessed/unreview: published lit review or major tox study | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
| Classified as not expected to be potentially toxic or harmful | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
| Classified as a low human health priority | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
Allergies/immunotoxicity
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Human hematologic toxicant or allergen - moderate evidence | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
| Limited evidence of immune toxicity or allergies | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
Developmental/reproductive toxicity
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Limited evidence of reproductive toxicity | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
| Human nervous system toxicant - moderate evidence | Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans |
| Limited evidence of developmental toxicity | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
| Limited evidence of nervous system toxicity | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
| Limited evidence of developmental toxicity | Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004 |
| Limited evidence of reproductive toxicity | US EPA, 9204 |
Occupational hazards
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to low doses | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to moderate doses | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Fed Cont): 41,50-204 1994 |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses | RTECS®- MSHA STANDARD-air: 3,31,1973 |
Biochemical or cellular level changes
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Cancer - limited evidence - immune system | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
Ecotoxicology
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Wildlife and environmental toxicity | EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants |
| Not suspected to be an environmental toxin | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
Persistence and bioaccumulation
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Not suspected to be persistent | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
| Not suspected to be bioaccumulative | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
Miscellaneous
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Occupational hazards related to handling | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
Government, industry, academic studies and classifications
| government/industry list/academic study | appears on list as | classification(s) |
| European Union - Classification & Labelling | VINYL CHLORIDE | •Extremely flammable •Extremely flammable •Known to cause cancer •May cause cancer |
| Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens | VINYL CHLORIDE | •Confirmed human carcinogen (ACGIH classification A1) |
| Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics | VINYL CHLORIDE MONOMER | • o |
| U.S. - Ingredients Prohibited and Restricted in Cosmetics by FDA Regulations | VINYL CHLORIDE | •Prohibited for use in cosmetics by FDA (US) |
| EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants | VINYL CHLORIDE | •Priority water pollutant under the Clean Water Act |
| Environment Canada Domestic Substance List | ETHENE, CHLORO- | •This chemical was NOT flagged by CEPA for further attention. The chemical was flagged for as a low human health priority. |
| EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) | VINYL CHLORIDE | •Group A: Human carcinogen according (EPA classification) |
| EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) | VINYL CHLORIDE | •Known human carcinogen (EPA classification) |
| EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants | VINYL CHLORIDE | •Hazardous air pollutant under Clean Air Act |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | VINYL CHLORIDE | •Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male and female reproductive function: Yes; •Restricted - Regulations that have banned or restricted the use of the agent: See 29 CFR 1910.1017;; •Lung Cancer - Cancer of the lung caused by occupational exposures-all of these agents are in the IARC Group 1 (known human carcinogens): Yes; •Hepatotoxin: Hepatotoxin, Secondary; •PEL (OSHA) - Permissible exposure limit (OSHA): 1 ppm, STEL(OSHA) = 5 ppm(avg. not exceeding any 15 min); •IARC Carcinogen - International Agency for Research on Cancer; classifies chemicals as established (1), probable (2a), or possible (2b) human carcinogens: Known Carcinogen; •TLV (ACGIH) - Threshold limit value (ACGIH): 1 ppm; •Flammability (NFPA) - NFPA flammability code: 0 = will not burn; 1 = must be preheated; 2 = high ambient temp required; 3 = may ignite at ambient temp; 4 = burn readily: 4: burns readily; •Odor Threshold High - The lowest concentration at which a substance can be detected or recognized using the sense of smell: 20 ppm; •Odor Threshold Low - The lowest concentration at which a substance can be detected or recognized using the sense of smell: 10 ppm; |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | VINYL CHLORIDE | •IARC Group 1: carcinogenic to humans (International Agency for Research on Carcinogens) |
| NIOSH Occupational Carcinogens | VINYL CHLORIDE | •Potential occupational carcinogen according to NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) |
| NTP Report on Carcinogens, 11th Edition | VINYL CHLORIDE | •Known human carcinogen (National Toxicology Program classification) |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | CHLOROETHENE | •Toxic, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxics Release Inventory programs |
| California EPA Proposition 65 | VINYL CHLORIDE | •Carcinogen: California Proposition 65 |
| Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004 | VINYL CHLORIDE | •Gastrointestinal or liver toxicity hazards: suspected |
| Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004 | VINYL CHLORIDE | •Developmental toxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, 9204 | VINYL CHLORIDE | •Reproductive toxicity hazards: suspected |
| A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases, 2000 | VINYL CHLORIDE | •Respiratory toxicity hazards: suspected |
| LaDou, J, 1990 | VINYL CHLORIDE | •Cardiovascular or blood toxicity hazards: suspected |
| California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, 2000 | VINYL CHLORIDE | •Skin or sense organ toxicity hazards: suspected |
| Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens | VINYL CHLORIDE | •Cancer hazards: recognized |
| Silent Spring's Mammary Carcinogens Reviews Database | VINYL CHLORIDE | •Chemicals Shown to Cause Mammary Gland Tumors in Animal Studies |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 | VINYL CHLORIDE | • occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology 1980 | VINYL CHLORIDE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (hamster ihl) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange (hamster ihl) |
| RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology 1981 | VINYL CHLORIDE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (rat ihl) |
| RTECS®- Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1975 | VINYL CHLORIDE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (Salmonella typhimurium ) |
| RTECS®- Biochemical Pharmacology 1975 | VINYL CHLORIDE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (Escherichia coli ) |
| RTECS®- Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland) 1985 | VINYL CHLORIDE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (mouse emb) |
| RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1996 | VINYL CHLORIDE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: (Drosophila melanogaster ihl) |
| RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1997 | VINYL CHLORIDE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Mammalian Somatic Cells ( human lym) |
| RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1984 | VINYL CHLORIDE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (rat lvr) |
| RTECS®- Cell Biology and Toxicology 1985 | VINYL CHLORIDE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (Salmonella typhimurium ) |
| RTECS®- Chemico-Biological Interactions 1977 | VINYL CHLORIDE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Inhibition (rat ivn) |
| RTECS®- Chemico-Biological Interactions 1978 | VINYL CHLORIDE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Adduct (rat orl) |
| RTECS®- Chemico-Biological Interactions 1981 | VINYL CHLORIDE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (rat ihl) |
| RTECS®- Environmental Science Research 1982 | VINYL CHLORIDE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Mammalian Somatic Cells (hamster ovr) |
| RTECS®- Gigiena i Sanitariya 1978 | VINYL CHLORIDE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (rat ihl) |
| RTECS®- MSHA STANDARD-air: 3,31,1973 | VINYL CHLORIDE | • occupationally related - MSHA STANDARD-air (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1988 | VINYL CHLORIDE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (hamster emb) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1976 | VINYL CHLORIDE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (Schizosaccharomyces pombe ) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Gene Conversion and Mitotic Recombination (Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Host-mediated Assay (mouse ) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1978 | VINYL CHLORIDE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (hamster mul) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1978 | VINYL CHLORIDE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA repair (Escherichia coli ) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1978 | VINYL CHLORIDE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sex Chromosome Loss and Nondisjunction (Drosophila melanogaster ihl) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2008 | VINYL CHLORIDE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (hamster lng) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1979 | VINYL CHLORIDE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (hamster lng) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1980 | VINYL CHLORIDE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (mouse ihl) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1981 | VINYL CHLORIDE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Host-mediated Assay (rat ) |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Fed Cont): 41,50-204 1994 | VINYL CHLORIDE | • occupationally related - OSHA PEL (Fed Cont) (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- Toxicological European Research 1981 | VINYL CHLORIDE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Host-mediated Assay (mouse ) |
| RTECS®- Toxicologist 2002 | VINYL CHLORIDE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (Salmonella typhimurium ) |
| RTECS®- Toxicology 1978 | VINYL CHLORIDE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis ( human hla) |
references
| government/industry list/academic study | reference |
| European Union - Classification & Labelling | CPS&Q (Consumer Products Safety & Quality) formely known as ECB (European Chemicals Bureau). 2008. Classification and Labelling: Chemicals: Annex VI of Directive 67/548/EEC through the 31st ATP. |
| Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens | ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) 2008. ACGIH cancer classification system. www.acgih.org. |
| Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics | AOEC (Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics). 2009. AEOC exposures codes and asthmagen designation. |
| U.S. - Ingredients Prohibited and Restricted in Cosmetics by FDA Regulations | FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration), 2006. Ingredients Prohibited and Restricted by FDA Regulations. FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Cosmetics and Colors. Downloaded from http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/cos-210.html. |
| EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants | |
| Environment Canada Domestic Substance List | EC (Environment Canada). 2008. Domestic Substances List Categorization. Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) Environmental Registry. |
| EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2008. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Evidence for human carcinogenicity based on 1986-2005 guidelines. |
| EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2005. Office of Air. The 112(b)1 Hazardous Air Pollutants List (as modified). Last modified: 12 Dec 2005. |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents. |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2008. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, as evaluated in IARC Monographs Volumes 1-99 (a total of 935 agents, mixtures and exposures). |
| NIOSH Occupational Carcinogens | NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health). 2006. NIOSH Carcinogens List (Potential occupational carcinogens). http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npotocca.html. |
| NTP Report on Carcinogens, 11th Edition | NTP (National Toxicology Program). 2005. Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program. |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1999. Toxics Release Inventory Program. PBT Chemical Rule. |
| California EPA Proposition 65 | California EPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). 9/2008. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986. Chemicals known to the State to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Minimal risk Levels for Hazardous Substances. January 2004. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls.html, DiPalma, J.A., J. Cunningham, J. Herrera, T. McCaffery, and D. Wolf. Occupational and Industrial Toxin Exposures and the Gastrointestinal Tract. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 86(9): 1107-1117. 1991. (Table 2: Selected Agents with Purported Digestive System Injury)., Dossing, M. and P. Skinhoj. Occupational Liver Injury. Present State of Knowledge and Future Perspectives. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 56:1-21. 1985. (Table 2: Chemically induced liver injury: morphologic features and examples of confirmed and suspected causative agents)., US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996., LaDou, J. (ed.). Occupational Medicine. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CN. 1990., California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part III: Technical Support Document 'Determination of Noncancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels'. Includes all Chronic Reference Exposure Levels (CRELs) adopted by OEHHA as of August 2003 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/AllChrels.html, plus draft CRELS proposed through March 2004 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/index.html., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation., Zimmerman, H.J. and J.H. Lewis. Chemical- and Toxin-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 24(4): 1027-1045. 1995. (Table 3: Forms of environmental hepatic injury). |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Minimal risk Levels for Hazardous Substances. January 2004. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls.html, US EPA. Roadmaps to Sources of Information on Chemicals Listed in the Emergency Planning Community and Community Right-to-Know Act (Also Known as SARA Title 3), Section 313 Toxic Release Inventory (for Microcomputers). (Report Number EPADFDK92040). 1991. Data file distributed in 2 diskettes by Office of Pollution, Prevention, and Toxics, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. NOTE: Datasource no longer being maintained by EPA; not currently available online., Jankovic, J. A Screening Method for Occupational Reproductive Health Risk. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 57: 641-649. 1996. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA. Roadmaps to Sources of Information on Chemicals Listed in the Emergency Planning Community and Community Right-to-Know Act (Also Known as SARA Title 3), Section 313 Toxic Release Inventory (for Microcomputers). (Report Number EPADFDK92040). 1991. Data file distributed in 2 diskettes by Office of Pollution, Prevention, and Toxics, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. NOTE: Datasource no longer being maintained by EPA; not currently available online., Frazier , L. and M. L. Hage (eds.). Reproductive Hazards of the Workplace, Wiley Europe, 1998. Table 10 (Partial List of Reproductive Toxicants) available at http://www.pharmacy.ohio-state.edu/homepage/safety/chemhygiene_table_repro.pdf., A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Acute Reference Exposure Levels (RELs), Averaging Times, and Toxicologic Endpoints. Includes all Acute Reference Exposure Levels (ARELs) developed by OEHHA through May 2000http://www.oehha.org/air/acute_rels/allAcRELs.html, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | LaDou, J. (ed.). Occupational Medicine. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CN. 1990., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Acute Reference Exposure Levels (RELs), Averaging Times, and Toxicologic Endpoints. Includes all Acute Reference Exposure Levels (ARELs) developed by OEHHA through May 2000http://www.oehha.org/air/acute_rels/allAcRELs.html, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens (July 2004) can be obtained from http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html. |
| Silent Spring's Mammary Carcinogens Reviews Database | Rudel RA, KR Attfield, JN Schifano and JG Brody. Chemicals Causing Mammary Gland Tumors in Animals Signal New Directions for Epidemiology, Chemicals Testing, and Risk Assessment for Breast Cancer Prevention. CANCER Supplement. 2007 Jun 15;109(12):2635-2666. |
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