National Drinking Water Database
National Drinking Water Database - Chemical Contaminants
Toxaphene
Status: Regulated - EPA has established a maximum legal limit in tapwater for this contaminant.
Toxaphene is a highly toxic, persistent and bioaccumulative insecticide anticipated to be carcinogenic to people, and banned from use in the U.S. in 1990. [read more]
Detected |
Found above health guidelines |
Found above legal limit |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| States | 8 |
8 |
1 |
| Water utilities | 26 |
26 |
1 |
| People Served | 302,212 |
302,212 |
305 |
Health Concerns for Toxaphene:
- Neurotoxicity
- Cancer
- Endocrine disruption
- Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
- Persistence and bioaccumulation
- Developmental/reproductive toxicity
- Occupational hazards
- Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs)
- Ecotoxicology
- Multiple, additive exposure sources
Toxaphene Exposure by State
Water utilities in 8 states have reported detecting Toxaphene in treated tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies.
| State | Water Suppliers with Toxaphene contamination | Water suppliers reporting Toxaphene above health-based limits | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systems | Population | Systems | Population | |
| Delaware | 1 | 201,000 | 1 | 201,000 |
| Connecticut | 15 | 45,706 | 15 | 45,706 |
| Kentucky | 1 | 34,650 | 1 | 34,650 |
| Florida | 2 | 9,526 | 2 | 9,526 |
| Massachusetts | 1 | 5,800 | 1 | 5,800 |
| Arkansas | 1 | 3,014 | 1 | 3,014 |
| New York | 2 | 1,317 | 2 | 1,317 |
| North Carolina | 3 | 1,199 | 3 | 1,199 |
| Total | 26 | 302,212 | 26 | 302,212 |
The Most Polluted Communities
26 water utilities reported detecting Toxaphene in tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies
Ranked by highest average Toxaphene level
| Rank | System | Population Served | Positive test results of total reported tests | Average Level (Range) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Neuse Woods MH S/D Raleigh, NC | 305 | 16 of 19 | 2.66 ppb (0 to 4.5 ppb) |
| 2 | Middlebury Terrace Water Supply Naugatuck, CT | 40 | 1 of 1 | 2 ppb (2 ppb) |
| 3 | CTWC - Shoreline Reg-Bay Mountain Danielson, CT | 440 | 1 of 2 | 1 ppb (0 to 2 ppb) |
| 4 | Waterford Country School, Inc. Clinton, CT | 180 | 1 of 2 | 1 ppb (0 to 2 ppb) |
| 5 | Foxridge Apartments-Well 1 Cheshire, CT | 25 | 1 of 2 | 1 ppb (0 to 2 ppb) |
| 6 | Foxridge Apartments-Well 2 Cheshire, CT | 25 | 1 of 2 | 1 ppb (0 to 2 ppb) |
| 7 | Heritage Cove Condominiums Old Saybrook, CT | 208 | 1 of 2 | 1 ppb (0 to 2 ppb) |
| 8 | Hill Hollow Association Middletown, CT | 48 | 1 of 2 | 1 ppb (0 to 2 ppb) |
| 9 | Durham Lexington Place Division Durham, CT | 45 | 1 of 2 | 1 ppb (0 to 2 ppb) |
| 10 | Durham Elderly Housing Division Durham, CT | 50 | 1 of 2 | 1 ppb (0 to 2 ppb) |
Health Based Limits for Toxaphene
| Standard | Description | Level |
|---|---|---|
| Maximum Contaminant Limit Goal (MCLG) | A non-enforceable health goal that is set at a level at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons occurs and which allows an adequate margin of safety. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 0 ppb |
| EPA Human Health Water Quality Criteria | Water quality criteria set by the US EPA provide guidance for states and tribes authorized to establish water quality standards under the Clean Water Act (CWA) to protect human health. These are non-enforceable standards based upon exposure by both drinking water and the contribution of water contamination to other consumed foods. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | <0.01 ppb |
| California Public Health Goals | Defined by the State of California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) as the level of contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. For acutely toxic substances, levels are set at which scientific evidence indicates that no known or anticipated adverse effects on health will occur, plus an adequate margin-of safety. PHGs for carcinogens or other substances which can cause chronic disease shall be based solely on health effects without regard to cost impacts and shall be set at levels which OEHHA has determined do not pose any significant risk to health. | 0.03 ppb |
| One in one million (10-6) Cancer Risk | The concentration of a chemical in drinking water corresponding to an excess estimated lifetime cancer risk of 1 in 1,000,000. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 0.03 ppb |
| Maximum Contaminant Limit (MCL) | The enforceable standard which defines the highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to health-based limits (Maximum Contaminant Level Goals, or MCLGs) as feasible using the best available analytical and treatment technologies and taking cost into consideration. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 3 ppb |
| One in ten thousand (10-4) Cancer Risk | The concentration of a chemical in drinking water corresponding to an excess estimated lifetime cancer risk of 1 in 10,000. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 3 ppb |
| Children's health-based limit for 1-day exposure | Concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects for up to one day of exposure. The One-Day health-based limit (or Health Advisory, HA) is typically set to protect a 10-kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 4 ppb |
| Children's health-based limit for 10-day exposure | Concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse, noncarcinogenic effects for up to ten days of exposure. The Ten-Day health-based limit (or Health Advisory, HA) is typically set to protect a 10-kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 4 ppb |
| Drinking Water Equivalent Level | A lifetime exposure concentration protective of adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects, that assumes all of the exposure to a contaminant is from drinking water. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 10 ppb |
Testing Summary for Toxaphene
| Are tests routinely required for Toxaphene by federal law? | Yes |
| Water suppliers reporting tests for Toxaphene (2004-2009): | 18,367 of 47,576 |
| Average testing rate for water supplier reporting tests (2004-2009): | 0.4 per year |
Violation Summary for Toxaphene
Data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency includes the following violations of federal standards for Toxaphene since 2004
| Maximum Contaminant Level Exceedance Violations | 0 |
| Monitoring Violations | 1,709 |
| Reporting Violations | 0 |
Neurotoxicity
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Strong evidence of human neurotoxicity | Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans |
Cancer
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Possible human carcinogen | EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) |
| Possible human carcinogen | NTP Report on Carcinogens, 11th Edition |
| Possible human carcinogen | California EPA Proposition 65 |
| Cancer - strong evidence | Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens |
| Limited evidence of carcinogenicity | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Limited evidence of carcinogenicity | Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens |
| Limited evidence of carcinogenicity | Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens |
| Cancer - limited evidence | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology 1983 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Progress in Mutation Research 1985 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1990 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Toxicology 2004 |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Environmental Mutagenesis 1986 |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Science 1979 |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1987 |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 2000 |
| One or more in vitro tests on microorganisms show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Biologisches Zentralblatt 1975 |
Endocrine disruption
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Human disruptor - strong evidence | European Commission on Endocrine Disruption |
| Limited evidence of wildlife and the environment disruption | European Commission on Endocrine Disruption |
| Limited evidence of endocrine disruption | BKH/European Commission, 2000 |
| endocrine - weight of evidence unknown/unassessed/unreview: published lit review or major tox study | Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System |
| endocrine - weight of evidence unknown/unassessed/unreview: published lit review or major tox study | Our Stolen Future Endocrine Disruptors |
Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Known human lung and skin toxicant | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Known human respiratory toxicant | EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants |
| Classified as toxic or harmful | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Limited evidence of gastrointestinal or liver toxicity | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
| Limited evidence of gastrointestinal or liver toxicity | Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004 |
| Limited evidence of respiratory toxicity | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center |
| One or more animal studies show classified as toxic effects at moderate doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient) | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
Persistence and bioaccumulation
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife and humans | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife and humans | United Nations Environment Programme/POPs Treaty |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife and humans | EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife | Great Lakes BTS (Binational Toxics Strategy) PBTs |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife | OSPAR PBTs - Substances of Possible Concern |
Developmental/reproductive toxicity
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Human reproductive toxicant - moderate evidence | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
| Human nervous system toxicant - moderate evidence | Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans |
| Limited evidence of reproductive toxicity | US EPA, 9204 |
| Limited evidence of developmental toxicity | US EPA, 9204 |
Occupational hazards
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to low doses | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to low doses | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 |
Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs)
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Classified as irritant | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| One or more animal studies show skin irritation at low doses | RTECS®- JAMA, Journal of the American Medical Association 1952 |
Ecotoxicology
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Wildlife and environmental toxicity | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Wildlife and environmental toxicity | EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants |
| Wildlife and environmental toxicity | Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System |
Multiple, additive exposure sources
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Designated as safe for general or specific, limited use in food | FDA Food Additive Status |
Government, industry, academic studies and classifications
| government/industry list/academic study | appears on list as | classification(s) |
| European Union - Classification & Labelling | TOXAPHENE | •Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect •Toxic •Toxic if swallowed •Harmful •Harmful in contact with skin •Irritant (eyes, skin, or lungs) •Irritating to respiratory system and skin •Dangerous for the environment •Very toxic to aquatic organisms |
| Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens | CHLORINATED CAMPHENE | •Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (ACGIH classification A3) |
| Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens | TOXAPHENE (POLYCHLORINATED CAMPHENES) | •Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (ACGIH classification A3) |
| EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants | CAMPHECHLOR | •Priority water pollutant under the Clean Water Act |
| Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System | TOXAPHENE | •EPA: known endocrine disruptor |
| European Union - Banned or Restricted in Cosmetics | TOXAPHENE | •Prohibited in EU cosmetics: must not form part of the composition of cosmetic products |
| EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants | TOXAPHENE (CHLORINATED CAMPHENE) | •Hazardous air pollutant under Clean Air Act |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | TOXAPHENE (POLYCHLORINATED CAMPHENES) | •IARC Group 2B: possible human carcinogen (International Agency for Research on Carcinogens) |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | TOXAPHENE | •Skin Designation (ACGIH) - Danger of cutaneous absorption (ACGIH): Yes; •Restricted - Regulations that have banned or restricted the use of the agent: All U.S. registrations cancelled; [EPA Pesticides, p. 56]; •Hepatotoxin: Hepatotoxin, Secondary; •PEL (OSHA) - Permissible exposure limit (OSHA): 0.5 mg/m3; •STEL (ACGIH) - Short-term exposure limits (ACGIH): 1 mg/m3; •Bioaccumulates: Yes; •Other Poison: Organochlorine Pesticide; •IARC Carcinogen - International Agency for Research on Cancer; classifies chemicals as established (1), probable (2a), or possible (2b) human carcinogens: Possible Carcinogen; •TLV (ACGIH) - Threshold limit value (ACGIH): 0.5 mg/m3; •IDLH (NIOSH) - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health: 200 mg/m3; |
| Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants | TOXAPHENE | Banned under the Aahrus Protocol for Persistent Organic Pollutants |
| Great Lakes BTS (Binational Toxics Strategy) PBTs | TOXAPHENE | •Persistent, bioaccumulative toxicant - Great Lakes Binational Strategy, Tier 1 concern (highest), targeted for phase-out |
| OSPAR PBTs - Substances of Possible Concern | TOXAPHENE | •Persistent, bioaccumulative toxicant - Oslo-Paris (OSPAR) Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, chemical of concern |
| United Nations Environment Programme/POPs Treaty | TOXAPHENE | •Persistent, bioaccumulative toxicant - targeted for ban under international treaty (Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, or POPs Convention) |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | TOXAPHENE | •Persistent, bioaccumulative toxicant - targeted for waste reporting under U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxics Release Inventory programs |
| EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) | TOXAPHENE | •Group B2: Probable human carcinogen - sufficient data in animals (EPA classification) |
| NTP Report on Carcinogens, 11th Edition | TOXAPHENE | •Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen (National Toxicology Program classification) |
| Our Stolen Future Endocrine Disruptors | TOXAPHENE | • |
| California EPA Proposition 65 | TOXAPHENE (POLYCHLORINATED CAMPHENES) | •Carcinogen: California Proposition 65 |
| Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004 | CAMPHECHLOR | •Gastrointestinal or liver toxicity hazards: suspected |
| BKH/European Commission, 2000 | CAMPHECHLOR | •Endocrine toxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center | CAMPHECHLOR | •Respiratory toxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, 9204 | CAMPHECHLOR | •Reproductive toxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, 9204 | CAMPHECHLOR | •Developmental toxicity hazards: suspected |
| Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens | CAMPHECHLOR | •Cancer hazards: recognized |
| FDA Food Additive Status | TOXAPHENE | • PEST • Food additive: food additive for which a petition has been filed and a regulation issued • 6 parts per million - In or on crude soybean oil from use on growing crop as residue - 40 Code of Federal Regulations 193.450 |
| European Commission on Endocrine Disruption | TOXAPHENE = CAMPHECHLOR | HH-CAT1;WF-CAT2 |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 | TOXAPHENE | • occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology 1983 | TOXAPHENE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange ( human lym) |
| RTECS®- Biologisches Zentralblatt 1975 | TOXAPHENE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (other fish mul) |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 2000 | TOXAPHENE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Phage Inhibition Capacity (Escherichia coli ) |
| RTECS®- Environmental Mutagenesis 1986 | TOXAPHENE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (Salmonella typhimurium ) |
| RTECS®- JAMA, Journal of the American Medical Association 1952 | TOXAPHENE | • skin - Primary skin irritant (mammal ) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1987 | TOXAPHENE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Phage Inhibition Capacity (Escherichia coli ) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1990 | TOXAPHENE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange (hamster lng) |
| RTECS®- Progress in Mutation Research 1985 | TOXAPHENE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (mouse emb) |
| RTECS®- Science 1979 | TOXAPHENE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (Salmonella typhimurium ) |
| RTECS®- Toxicology 2004 | TOXAPHENE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test ( human lvr) |
references
| government/industry list/academic study | reference |
| European Union - Classification & Labelling | CPS&Q (Consumer Products Safety & Quality) formely known as ECB (European Chemicals Bureau). 2008. Classification and Labelling: Chemicals: Annex VI of Directive 67/548/EEC through the 31st ATP. |
| Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens | ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) 2008. ACGIH cancer classification system. www.acgih.org. |
| EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants | |
| Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System | Illinois EPA (Illinois Environmental Protection Agency). 2000. Preliminary list of chemicals associated with endocrine system effects in animals and humans (*) or in vitro (+). In EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 2000. Handbook for Non-Cancer Health Effects Valuation, Appendix C. |
| European Union - Banned or Restricted in Cosmetics | EC (European Commission of the European Union). 1999-2006. Enterprise Directorate-General Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics. The rules governing cosmetic products in the European Union, Volume 1, "Cosmetics legislation." |
| EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2005. Office of Air. The 112(b)1 Hazardous Air Pollutants List (as modified). Last modified: 12 Dec 2005. |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2008. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, as evaluated in IARC Monographs Volumes 1-99 (a total of 935 agents, mixtures and exposures). |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents. |
| Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants | Aarhus LRTAP. 1998. Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Geneva Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, United Nations Environment Program. |
| Great Lakes BTS (Binational Toxics Strategy) PBTs | Great Lakes BTS (Binational Toxics Strategy). 1997. Canada-United States Strategy for the Virtual Elimination of Persistent Toxic Substances in the Great Lakes. Appendix I - Level 1 and Level 2 substances. |
| OSPAR PBTs - Substances of Possible Concern | OSPAR (Oslo-Paris). 2002. OSPAR List of Substances of Possible Concern. Secondary OSPAR List of Substances of Possible Concern. Secondary OSPAR. Place Published, OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environement of North-East Atlanic. |
| United Nations Environment Programme/POPs Treaty | UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 2001. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) — POPs Treaty. |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1999. Toxics Release Inventory Program. PBT Chemical Rule. |
| EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2008. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Evidence for human carcinogenicity based on 1986-2005 guidelines. |
| NTP Report on Carcinogens, 11th Edition | NTP (National Toxicology Program). 2005. Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program. |
| Our Stolen Future Endocrine Disruptors | Colborn T, D Dumanoski, JP Myers. 2006. Widespread Pollutants with Endocrine-disrupting Effects. Updated from original listing in "Our Stolen Future" (1996). |
| California EPA Proposition 65 | California EPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). 9/2008. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986. Chemicals known to the State to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Minimal risk Levels for Hazardous Substances. January 2004. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls.html, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | BKH/European Commission. Towards the establishment of a priority list of substances for further evaluation of their role in endocrine disruption: - preparation of a candidate list of substances as a basis for priority setting. Final report-November 2000. http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/docum/01262_en.htm#bkh. Category 1 chemicals from Annex 1: Candidate list of 553 substances. http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/docum/bkh_annex_01.pdf, Guillette, L. J., and E. Guillette. Environmental Contaminants and Reproductive Abnormalities in Wildlife: Implications for Public Health? Toxicology and Industrial Health. 12(3): 537-550. 1996., Illinois EPA. Endocrine Disruptors Strategy. 1997. (Table 1: Preliminary List of Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System Effects in Animals and Humans or In Vitro). http://www.nihs.go.jp/hse/environ/illiepatable.htm, Japanese National Institute of Health Sciences. Lists of Paradigmatic Chemicals. http://www.nihs.go.jp/hse/endocrine-e/paradigm/paradigm.html, Keith, L.H. (ed.). Environmental Endocrine Disruptors. John Wiley & Sons, NY. 1997. http://www.wileyeurope.com/cda/product/0,,0471191450%7Cdesc%7C3037,00.html, World Wildlife Fund. Our Stolen Future. Widespread Pollutants with Endocrine-disrupting Effects. http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemlist.htm. The WWF list is derived from references detailed at http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm and was originally published in: Colborn, T., F.S. vom Saal, and A.M. Soto. Developmental Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals In Wildlife and Humans. Environmental Health Perspectives 101(5): 378-384. 1993. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA. Roadmaps to Sources of Information on Chemicals Listed in the Emergency Planning Community and Community Right-to-Know Act (Also Known as SARA Title 3), Section 313 Toxic Release Inventory (for Microcomputers). (Report Number EPADFDK92040). 1991. Data file distributed in 2 diskettes by Office of Pollution, Prevention, and Toxics, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. NOTE: Datasource no longer being maintained by EPA; not currently available online. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA. Roadmaps to Sources of Information on Chemicals Listed in the Emergency Planning Community and Community Right-to-Know Act (Also Known as SARA Title 3), Section 313 Toxic Release Inventory (for Microcomputers). (Report Number EPADFDK92040). 1991. Data file distributed in 2 diskettes by Office of Pollution, Prevention, and Toxics, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. NOTE: Datasource no longer being maintained by EPA; not currently available online., Jankovic, J. A Screening Method for Occupational Reproductive Health Risk. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 57: 641-649. 1996. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens (July 2004) can be obtained from http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html. |
| FDA Food Additive Status | FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) 2006. Food Additive Status List. Downloaded from http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/opa-appa.html, Oct 16, 2006. |
| European Commission on Endocrine Disruption | EU (European Union)- Strategy for Endocrine Disrupters 2007. Commision on endocrin disruption requested by the European Parliament in 1998. |
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| RTECS®- Environmental Mutagenesis 1986 | RTECS®- Environmental Mutagenesis. (New York, NY) V.1-9, 1979-87. For publisher information, see EMMUEG. 8(Suppl 7),1,1986 |
| RTECS®- JAMA, Journal of the American Medical Association 1952 | RTECS®- JAMA, Journal of the American Medical Association. (AMA, 535 N. Dearborn St., Chicago, IL 60610) V.1- 149,1135,1952 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1987 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 182,193,1987 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1990 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 230,29,1990 |
| RTECS®- Progress in Mutation Research 1985 | RTECS®- Progress in Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. Co., Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York, NY 10017) V.1- 5,659,1985 |
| RTECS®- Science 1979 | RTECS®- Science. (American Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, 1333 H St., NW, Washington, DC 20005) V.1- 205,591,1979 |
| RTECS®- Toxicology 2004 | RTECS®- Toxicology. (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland, Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 198,315,2004 |
"RTECS®" is a United States trademark owned and licensed under authority of the U.S. Government, by and through MDL Information Systems, Inc.