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National Drinking Water Database

National Drinking Water Database - Chemical Contaminants

Tetrachloroethylene

Status: Regulated - EPA has established a maximum legal limit in tapwater for this contaminant.

Tetrachloroethylene (perc) is a common soil and groundwater contaminant used in dry cleaning and as a solvent in automotive and metalworking factories and other industries. [read more]

Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene or perc)

Tetrachloroethylene, also called perchloroethylene or perc for short, is used as a solvent for dry cleaning, metal degreasing and textile processing. Tetrachloroethylene is a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical, with over 500 million pounds of this chemical produced annually in the United States (Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) 2003e; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 2008d).

Tetrachloroethylene can enter drinking water sources from its release onto land and water by the metals, chemicals, leather tanning, transportation equipment, ammunition and petroleum refining industries. The compound can also be found in drinking water from its use in dry cleaning establishments, garages and machine shops, which are poorly regulated and geographically dispersed (Aschengrau 1998). Every year, U.S. industrial facilities release millions of pounds of tetrachloroethylene into the environment, over 93 percent of which was into the air (USEPA 2002s). The industrial release volumes reported to EPA underestimate the total amount of tetrachloroethylene contamination in the environment, since smaller commercial users such as dry cleaning stores and machine shops do not report pollutant releases.

Industrial discharges of tetrachloroethylene can lead to high concentrations in groundwater where tetrachloroethylene may degrade to more toxic compounds, including vinyl chloride (World Health Organization (WHO) 2004a). According to EPA, long-term exposure to tetrachloroethylene in drinking water above the Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) may cause detrimental effects to liver, kidney and central nervous system, and has the potential to cause cancer (USEPA 2002s).

The National Toxicology Program (NTP) classifies tetrachloroethylene as "reasonably anticipated" to be a human carcinogen. Tumors of the liver have been noted in laboratory mice that ingest tetrachloroethylene. Breathing the chemical causes leukemia and tumors of the liver and kidney in rats or mice. In people, occupational exposure to tetrachloroethylene has been linked with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and cancers of the esophagus and cervix (NTP 2002a).

Recently, high levels of tetrachloroethylene in drinking water have been linked with increased incidence of cancers of the lung, breast and possible cancers of the colon-rectum in residents in Cape Code, Massachusetts who were exposed for 20 years to high concentrations of tetrachloroethylene in their drinking water (Aschengrau 1998, 2003; Paulu 1999). Residents were exposed to the compound starring in 1960 when 660 miles of asbestos cement water distribution pipes were coated with a vinyl resin containing tetrachloroethylene. The engineers assumed that the tetrachloroethylene had evaporated from the resin during its initial drying process, but in 1980 they discovered that it had been leaching into the drinking water for 20 years. Follow-up studies also suggested a link between tetrachloroethylene-contaminated drinking water and the risk of congenital anomalies such as neural tube defects and oral clefts (Aschengrau 2009).

Occupational exposure to tetrachloroethylene has been linked with menstrual disorders and spontaneous abortions in women, and abnormal sperm quality in men. Other worker studies have linked exposure to infertility, damage to the lung and kidney, loss of color vision, mood changes, muscle discoordination, forgetfulness, dizziness, headaches, difficulty in speaking and sleepiness (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 1997b; Schreiber 2002).

Developmental exposure to tetrachloroethylene in laboratory animals has been shown to cause eye damage, reduced growth and viability, and delayed skeletal development. Mice and rats exposed to tetrachloroethylene early in life tend to be hyperactive later in life, indicating that the developing nervous system is affected by tetrachloroethylene (ATSDR 1997b).

	Detected	Found above health guidelines	Found above legal limit
States	40	40	27
Water utilities	803	803	117
People Served	27,111,726	27,111,726	5,016,949

Health Concerns for Tetrachloroethylene:

Cancer
Neurotoxicity
Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
Developmental/reproductive toxicity
Endocrine disruption
Persistence and bioaccumulation
Occupational hazards
Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs)
Biochemical or cellular level changes
Ecotoxicology

Tetrachloroethylene Exposure by State

Water utilities in 40 states have reported detecting Tetrachloroethylene in treated tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies.

State	Water Suppliers with Tetrachloroethylene contamination		Water suppliers reporting Tetrachloroethylene above health-based limits
State	Systems	Population	Systems	Population
California	141	12,144,615	141	12,144,615
Pennsylvania	74	1,763,026	74	1,763,026
New York	46	1,404,437	46	1,404,437
Texas	14	1,234,468	14	1,234,468
Massachusetts	74	1,174,660	74	1,174,660
Indiana	10	1,073,969	10	1,073,969
New Jersey	52	928,938	52	928,938
Minnesota	22	746,599	22	746,599
Alabama	16	687,994	16	687,994
Florida	11	640,396	11	640,396
Wisconsin	53	579,971	53	579,971
Utah	6	539,617	6	539,617
Arizona	17	470,631	17	470,631
Washington	11	443,292	11	443,292
Illinois	26	379,208	26	379,208
Nevada	6	337,650	6	337,650
Nebraska	13	334,377	13	334,377
Maryland	8	331,564	8	331,564
Connecticut	19	304,739	19	304,739
Idaho	7	262,272	7	262,272
Delaware	5	252,358	5	252,358
Iowa	13	234,516	13	234,516
Ohio	21	168,528	21	168,528
New Mexico	10	141,296	10	141,296
Rhode Island	2	99,519	2	99,519
North Carolina	32	91,234	32	91,234
Oregon	20	69,543	20	69,543
Missouri	13	60,678	13	60,678
Montana	4	59,055	4	59,055
Hawaii	2	52,521	2	52,521
Virginia	13	21,047	13	21,047
Arkansas	3	19,941	3	19,941
Maine	4	18,218	4	18,218
Vermont	7	15,648	7	15,648
Kentucky	1	10,476	1	10,476
Michigan	5	8,834	5	8,834
New Hampshire	15	4,429	15	4,429
Alaska	3	988	3	988
Oklahoma	3	375	3	375
South Dakota	1	99	1	99
Total	803	27,111,726	803	27,111,726

The Most Polluted Communities

803 water utilities reported detecting Tetrachloroethylene in tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies

Ranked by highest average Tetrachloroethylene level

Rank	System	Population Served	Positive test results of total reported tests	Average Level (Range)
1	Reigels Bar Unity, WI	50	1 of 1	15 ppb (15 ppb)
2	Pawc Homesite Wilkes-barre, PA	55	21 of 21	7.52 ppb (4.15 to 10.55 ppb)
3	Pelham Manor Rapidan, VA	250	17 of 17	6.81 ppb (3.35 to 12 ppb)
4	Bedford Consolidated W.D. Bedford Hills, NY	7,000	4 of 5	6.56 ppb (0 to 14.5 ppb)
5	Tahoe Keys Water Company South Lake Tahoe, CA	3,004	6 of 6	6.13 ppb (0.23 to 14.1 ppb)
6	Valle Verde Water Co Nogales, AZ	2,394	12 of 13	6.1 ppb (0 to 14.5 ppb)
7	Peabody Dps Water Dept. Peabody, MA	48,000	20 of 20	5.68 ppb (2.5 to 7 ppb)
8	Hicksville Wd Hicksville, NY	47,810	153 of 166	5.29 ppb (0 to 14.26 ppb)
9	Allegan County Services Center Allegan, MI	101	1 of 1	5.1 ppb (5.1 ppb)
10	Oconto Waterworks Oconto, WI	4,705	1 of 2	5 ppb (0 to 10 ppb)

Health Based Limits for Tetrachloroethylene

Standard	Description	Level
Maximum Contaminant Limit Goal (MCLG)	A non-enforceable health goal that is set at a level at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons occurs and which allows an adequate margin of safety. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.	0 ppb
California Public Health Goals	Defined by the State of California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) as the level of contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. For acutely toxic substances, levels are set at which scientific evidence indicates that no known or anticipated adverse effects on health will occur, plus an adequate margin-of safety. PHGs for carcinogens or other substances which can cause chronic disease shall be based solely on health effects without regard to cost impacts and shall be set at levels which OEHHA has determined do not pose any significant risk to health.	0.06 ppb
EPA Human Health Water Quality Criteria	Water quality criteria set by the US EPA provide guidance for states and tribes authorized to establish water quality standards under the Clean Water Act (CWA) to protect human health. These are non-enforceable standards based upon exposure by both drinking water and the contribution of water contamination to other consumed foods. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.	0.69 ppb
Maximum Contaminant Limit (MCL)	The enforceable standard which defines the highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to health-based limits (Maximum Contaminant Level Goals, or MCLGs) as feasible using the best available analytical and treatment technologies and taking cost into consideration. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.	5 ppb
Lifetime health-based limit, non-cancer risk	Concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects for a lifetime of exposure. The Lifetime health-based limit (or Health Advisory, HA) is based on exposure for a a 70-kg adult consuming 2 liters of water per day. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.	10 ppb
Drinking Water Equivalent Level	A lifetime exposure concentration protective of adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects, that assumes all of the exposure to a contaminant is from drinking water. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.	500 ppb
Children's health-based limit for 1-day exposure	Concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects for up to one day of exposure. The One-Day health-based limit (or Health Advisory, HA) is typically set to protect a 10-kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.	2000 ppb
Children's health-based limit for 10-day exposure	Concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse, noncarcinogenic effects for up to ten days of exposure. The Ten-Day health-based limit (or Health Advisory, HA) is typically set to protect a 10-kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.	2000 ppb

Testing Summary for Tetrachloroethylene

Are tests routinely required for Tetrachloroethylene by federal law?	Yes
Water suppliers reporting tests for Tetrachloroethylene (2004-2009):	34,005 of 47,576
Average testing rate for water supplier reporting tests (2004-2009):	0.6 per year

Violation Summary for Tetrachloroethylene

Data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency includes the following violations of federal standards for Tetrachloroethylene since 2004

Maximum Contaminant Level Exceedance Violations	53
Monitoring Violations	4,333
Reporting Violations	0

Cancer

Type of concern:	Reference:
Possible human carcinogen	Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens
Possible human carcinogen	NTP Report on Carcinogens, 11th Edition
Possible human carcinogen	California EPA Proposition 65
Limited evidence of carcinogenicity	European Union - Classification & Labelling
Limited evidence of carcinogenicity	Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens
Limited evidence of carcinogenicity	NIOSH Occupational Carcinogens
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results	RTECS^®- National Technical Information Service 5075
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results	RTECS^®- In Vitro 1978
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results	RTECS^®- Toxicology Letters 1986
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results	RTECS^®- Mutation Research 1995
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results	RTECS^®- Mutation Research 1987
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results	RTECS^®- Mutation Research 2003
One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results	RTECS^®- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, U 1977

Neurotoxicity

Type of concern:	Reference:
Strong evidence of human neurotoxicity	Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans
nervous system - weight of evidence unknown/unassessed/unreview: published lit review or major tox study	National Library of Medicine HazMap

Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)

Type of concern:	Reference:
Known human respiratory toxicant	EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants
One or more animal studies show classified as toxic effects at low doses	EPA Categorized List of Inert Pesticide Ingredients
Limited evidence of gastrointestinal or liver toxicity	National Library of Medicine HazMap
Limited evidence of kidney toxicity	US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 1996
Limited evidence of gastrointestinal or liver toxicity	US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 2003
Limited evidence of respiratory toxicity	Klaassen, C, 1996
Limited evidence of sense organ toxicity	California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, 2000
One or more animal studies show classified as toxic effects at moderate doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient)	EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs
One or more animal studies show sense organ effects at moderate doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient)	RTECS^®- European Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene 1976
One or more animal studies show sense organ effects at moderate doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient)	RTECS^®- "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J 1986
One or more animal studies show kidney or renal system effects at high doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient)	RTECS^®- Environmental Research 1992
One or more animal studies show metabolic effects at high doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient)	RTECS^®- Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 1986
One or more animal studies show liver effects at high doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient)	RTECS^®- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1985
reproductive - weight of evidence unknown/unassessed/unreview: published lit review or major tox study	National Library of Medicine HazMap
Classified as not expected to be potentially toxic or harmful	Environment Canada Domestic Substance List
Classified as a low human health priority	Environment Canada Domestic Substance List

Developmental/reproductive toxicity

Type of concern:	Reference:
Limited evidence of reproductive toxicity	National Library of Medicine HazMap
Human nervous system toxicant - moderate evidence	Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans
Limited evidence of developmental toxicity	Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004
Limited evidence of reproductive toxicity	US EPA, 9204

Endocrine disruption

Type of concern:	Reference:
Human disruptor - moderate evidence	European Commission on Endocrine Disruption

Persistence and bioaccumulation

Type of concern:	Reference:
Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife	Canada PBTs - Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET)
Not suspected to be bioaccumulative	Environment Canada Domestic Substance List

Occupational hazards

Type of concern:	Reference:
Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses	RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2006
Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses	RTECS^®- MSHA STANDARD-air: 3,201,1971
Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses	RTECS^®- OSHA PEL (Gen Indu): 29,1910 1994
Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses	RTECS^®- OSHA PEL (Construc): 29,1926 1994
Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses	RTECS^®- OSHA PEL (Shipyard): 29,1915 1993
Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses	RTECS^®- OSHA PEL (Fed Cont): 41,50-204 1994
Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses	RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2007

Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs)

Type of concern:	Reference:
One or more animal studies show skin irritation at very low doses	RTECS^®- European Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene 1976
One or more animal studies show skin irritation at moderate doses	RTECS^®- "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J 1986

Biochemical or cellular level changes

Type of concern:	Reference:
One or more animal studies show biochemical changes at high doses where the human health implications are not yet well understood	RTECS^®- Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 1986
One or more animal studies show biochemical changes at high doses where the human health implications are not yet well understood	RTECS^®- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1985

Ecotoxicology

Type of concern:	Reference:
Wildlife and environmental toxicity	European Union - Classification & Labelling
Wildlife and environmental toxicity	EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants
Not suspected to be an environmental toxin	Environment Canada Domestic Substance List

Government, industry, academic studies and classifications

government/industry list/academic study	appears on list as	classification(s)
European Union - Classification & Labelling	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	•Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect •Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect •Dangerous for the environment •Toxic to aquatic organisms
Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE (PERCHLOROETHYLENE)	•Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (ACGIH classification A3)
Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics	PERCHLORETHYLENE	• S
Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics	PERCHLORETHYLENE	• S
Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics	PERCHLORETHYLENE	• S
Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics	PERCHLORETHYLENE	• S
Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics Ingredients	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	•Prohibited from use in Canadian cosmetics
EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	•Priority water pollutant under the Clean Water Act
Environment Canada Domestic Substance List	ETHENE, TETRACHLORO-	•This chemical was deemed a low human health priority and was NOT flagged by CEPA for further attention. The chemical was flagged for suspected persistence.
European Commission on Endocrine Disruption	PERCHLOROETHYLENE	HH-CAT2;WF-CAT3
European Union - Banned or Restricted in Cosmetics	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	•Prohibited in EU cosmetics: must not form part of the composition of cosmetic products
EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE (PERCHLOROETHYLENE)	•Hazardous air pollutant under Clean Air Act
National Library of Medicine HazMap	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	•Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male and female reproductive function: Yes; •Hepatotoxin: Hepatotoxin, Secondary; •Nephrotoxin: Yes; •Neurotoxin: CNS Solvent Syndrome; •PEL (OSHA) - Permissible exposure limit (OSHA): 100 ppm, Ceiling(OSHA) = 200 ppm(300 ppm is 5-min peak in any 3 hrs); •STEL (ACGIH) - Short-term exposure limits (ACGIH): 100 ppm; •LC50 - Lethal concentration in 50% of animals tested: 14716 ppm; •IARC Carcinogen - International Agency for Research on Cancer; classifies chemicals as established (1), probable (2a), or possible (2b) human carcinogens: Probable Carcinogen; •TLV (ACGIH) - Threshold limit value (ACGIH): 25 ppm; •BEI - Biological Exposure Indices (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygiene, ACGIH): Perc in end-exhaled air = 5 ppm; perc in b
Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	•IARC Group 2A: probable human carcinogen (International Agency for Research on Carcinogens)
EPA Categorized List of Inert Pesticide Ingredients	PERLCOROETHYLENE (PERC)	•Pesticide inerts of toxicological concern according to EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
NIOSH Occupational Carcinogens	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	•Potential occupational carcinogen according to NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health)
NTP Report on Carcinogens, 11th Edition	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE (PERCHLOROETHYLENE)	•Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen (National Toxicology Program classification)
Canada PBTs - Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET)	TETRACHLOROETHENE	•Persistent toxicant under Canada's Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics program - targeted for elimination or reduction
EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs	TETRACHLOROETHENE	•Toxic, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxics Release Inventory programs
California EPA Proposition 65	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE (PERCHLOROETHYLENE)	•Carcinogen: California Proposition 65
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	•Developmental toxicity hazards: suspected
US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 1996	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	•Kidney toxicity hazards: suspected
US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 2003	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	•Gastrointestinal or liver toxicity hazards: suspected
US EPA, 9204	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	•Reproductive toxicity hazards: suspected
Klaassen, C, 1996	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	•Respiratory toxicity hazards: suspected
California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, 2000	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	•Skin or sense organ toxicity hazards: suspected
RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2006	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	• occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA)
RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2007	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	• occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA)
RTECS^®- "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J 1986	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	• sense organ - Primary eye irritant (rabbit ) • skin - Primary skin irritant (rabbit )
RTECS^®- Environmental Research 1992	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	• kidney or renal system - Other changes in urine composition (rat TDLo)
RTECS^®- European Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene 1976	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	• sense organ - Primary eye irritant (rabbit ) • skin - Primary skin irritant (rabbit )
RTECS^®- Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 1986	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	• metabolic - Weight loss or decreased weight gain (rat TDLo) • biochemical - Phosphatases (rat TDLo)
RTECS^®- In Vitro 1978	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (rat emb)
RTECS^®- MSHA STANDARD-air: 3,201,1971	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	• occupationally related - MSHA STANDARD-air (human TWA)
RTECS^®- Mutation Research 1987	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sex Chromosome Loss and Nondisjunction (hamster lng)
RTECS^®- Mutation Research 1995	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems (mouse orl)
RTECS^®- Mutation Research 2003	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage ( human unr)
RTECS^®- Mutation Research 1987	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sex Chromosome Loss and Nondisjunction (hamster lng)
RTECS^®- Mutation Research 1995	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems (mouse orl)
RTECS^®- Mutation Research 2003	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage ( human unr)
RTECS^®- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, U 1977	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (Salmonella typhimurium )
RTECS^®- National Technical Information Service 5075	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (rat ihl) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Host-mediated Assay (mouse ) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: sperm (mouse ihl) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Unscheduled DNA Synthesis ( human lng)
RTECS^®- National Technical Information Service 5075	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (rat ihl) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Host-mediated Assay (mouse ) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: sperm (mouse ihl) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Unscheduled DNA Synthesis ( human lng)
RTECS^®- OSHA PEL (Construc): 29,1926 1994	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	• occupationally related - OSHA PEL (Construc) (human TWA)
RTECS^®- OSHA PEL (Fed Cont): 41,50-204 1994	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	• occupationally related - OSHA PEL (Fed Cont) (human TWA)
RTECS^®- OSHA PEL (Gen Indu): 29,1910 1994	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	• occupationally related - OSHA PEL (Gen Indu) (human TWA)
RTECS^®- OSHA PEL (Shipyard): 29,1915 1993	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	• occupationally related - OSHA PEL (Shipyard) (human TWA)
RTECS^®- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1985	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	• liver - Changes in liver weight (rat TDLo) • biochemical - Lipids, including transport (rat TDLo) • liver - Other changes (rat TDLo)
RTECS^®- Toxicology Letters 1986	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (mouse ipr)
RTECS^®- Toxicology Letters 1986	TETRACHLOROETHYLENE	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (mouse ipr)

references

government/industry list/academic study	reference
European Union - Classification & Labelling	CPS&Q (Consumer Products Safety & Quality) formely known as ECB (European Chemicals Bureau). 2008. Classification and Labelling: Chemicals: Annex VI of Directive 67/548/EEC through the 31st ATP.
Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens	ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) 2008. ACGIH cancer classification system. www.acgih.org.
Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics	AOEC (Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics). 2009. AEOC exposures codes and asthmagen designation.
Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics Ingredients	Health Canada. 2007. List of Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetic Ingredients. Canada's Cosmetic Ingredient Hotlist. March 2007.
EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants
Environment Canada Domestic Substance List	EC (Environment Canada). 2008. Domestic Substances List Categorization. Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) Environmental Registry.
European Commission on Endocrine Disruption	EU (European Union)- Strategy for Endocrine Disrupters 2007. Commision on endocrin disruption requested by the European Parliament in 1998.
European Union - Banned or Restricted in Cosmetics	EC (European Commission of the European Union). 1999-2006. Enterprise Directorate-General Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics. The rules governing cosmetic products in the European Union, Volume 1, "Cosmetics legislation."
EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants	EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2005. Office of Air. The 112(b)1 Hazardous Air Pollutants List (as modified). Last modified: 12 Dec 2005.
National Library of Medicine HazMap	NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents.
Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens	IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2008. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, as evaluated in IARC Monographs Volumes 1-99 (a total of 935 agents, mixtures and exposures).
EPA Categorized List of Inert Pesticide Ingredients	EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1987 & 2005. Office of Pesticide Programs. Inert (other) Pesticide Ingredients in Pesticide Products - Categorized List of Inert (other) Pesticide Ingredients.
NIOSH Occupational Carcinogens	NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health). 2006. NIOSH Carcinogens List (Potential occupational carcinogens). http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npotocca.html.
NTP Report on Carcinogens, 11th Edition	NTP (National Toxicology Program). 2005. Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program.
Canada PBTs - Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET)	EC (Environment Canada). 1994. Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET). ARET substance list of persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals.
EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs	EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1999. Toxics Release Inventory Program. PBT Chemical Rule.
California EPA Proposition 65	California EPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). 9/2008. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986. Chemicals known to the State to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity.
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Minimal risk Levels for Hazardous Substances. January 2004. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls.html, US EPA. Roadmaps to Sources of Information on Chemicals Listed in the Emergency Planning Community and Community Right-to-Know Act (Also Known as SARA Title 3), Section 313 Toxic Release Inventory (for Microcomputers). (Report Number EPADFDK92040). 1991. Data file distributed in 2 diskettes by Office of Pollution, Prevention, and Toxics, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. NOTE: Datasource no longer being maintained by EPA; not currently available online.
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996., California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part III: Technical Support Document 'Determination of Noncancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels'. Includes all Chronic Reference Exposure Levels (CRELs) adopted by OEHHA as of August 2003 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/AllChrels.html, plus draft CRELS proposed through March 2004 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/index.html., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation.
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part III: Technical Support Document 'Determination of Noncancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels'. Includes all Chronic Reference Exposure Levels (CRELs) adopted by OEHHA as of August 2003 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/AllChrels.html, plus draft CRELS proposed through March 2004 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/index.html., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation.
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	US EPA. Roadmaps to Sources of Information on Chemicals Listed in the Emergency Planning Community and Community Right-to-Know Act (Also Known as SARA Title 3), Section 313 Toxic Release Inventory (for Microcomputers). (Report Number EPADFDK92040). 1991. Data file distributed in 2 diskettes by Office of Pollution, Prevention, and Toxics, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. NOTE: Datasource no longer being maintained by EPA; not currently available online., Frazier , L. and M. L. Hage (eds.). Reproductive Hazards of the Workplace, Wiley Europe, 1998. Table 10 (Partial List of Reproductive Toxicants) available at http://www.pharmacy.ohio-state.edu/homepage/safety/chemhygiene_table_repro.pdf., Jankovic, J. A Screening Method for Occupational Reproductive Health Risk. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 57: 641-649. 1996.
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996., Lu, F.C. Basic Toxicology. 2nd Edition. 1991., California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Acute Reference Exposure Levels (RELs), Averaging Times, and Toxicologic Endpoints. Includes all Acute Reference Exposure Levels (ARELs) developed by OEHHA through May 2000http://www.oehha.org/air/acute_rels/allAcRELs.html
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Acute Reference Exposure Levels (RELs), Averaging Times, and Toxicologic Endpoints. Includes all Acute Reference Exposure Levels (ARELs) developed by OEHHA through May 2000http://www.oehha.org/air/acute_rels/allAcRELs.html, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation.
RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2006	RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2006
RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2007	RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2007
RTECS^®- "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J 1986	RTECS^®- "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J., Prague, Czechoslovakia, Avicenum, 1986 -,108,1986
RTECS^®- Environmental Research 1992	RTECS^®- Environmental Research. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- -1967 59,427,1992
RTECS^®- European Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene 1976	RTECS^®- European Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene. (Paris, France) V.7-9, 1974-76. For publisher information, see TOERD9. 9,171,1976
RTECS^®- Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 1986	RTECS^®- Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1-40, 1981-97. For publisher information, see TOSCF2 7,119,1986
RTECS^®- In Vitro 1978	RTECS^®- In Vitro. (Rockville, MD) V.1-20, 1965-85. For publisher information, see ICDBEO. 14,290,1978
RTECS^®- MSHA STANDARD-air: 3,201,1971	RTECS^®- MSHA STANDARD-air: 3,201,1971
RTECS^®- Mutation Research 1987	RTECS^®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 182,135,1987
RTECS^®- Mutation Research 1995	RTECS^®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 343,157,1995
RTECS^®- Mutation Research 2003	RTECS^®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 539,9,2003
RTECS^®- Mutation Research 1987	RTECS^®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- -1964 182,135,1987
RTECS^®- Mutation Research 1995	RTECS^®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- -1964 343,157,1995
RTECS^®- Mutation Research 2003	RTECS^®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- -1964 539,9,2003
RTECS^®- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, U 1977	RTECS^®- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Reports and Memoranda. 5AUG1977
RTECS^®- National Technical Information Service 5075	RTECS^®- National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information. PB82-185075
RTECS^®- National Technical Information Service 5075	RTECS^®- National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information. PB82-185075
RTECS^®- OSHA PEL (Construc): 29,1926 1994	RTECS^®- OSHA PEL (Construc): 29,1926.55,1994
RTECS^®- OSHA PEL (Fed Cont): 41,50-204 1994	RTECS^®- OSHA PEL (Fed Cont): 41,50-204.50,1994
RTECS^®- OSHA PEL (Gen Indu): 29,1910 1994	RTECS^®- OSHA PEL (Gen Indu): 29,1910.1000,1994
RTECS^®- OSHA PEL (Shipyard): 29,1915 1993	RTECS^®- OSHA PEL (Shipyard): 29,1915.1000,1993
RTECS^®- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1985	RTECS^®- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959- 78,105,1985
RTECS^®- Toxicology Letters 1986	RTECS^®- Toxicology Letters. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1977- 31,31,1986
RTECS^®- Toxicology Letters 1986	RTECS^®- Toxicology Letters. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 31,31,1986

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