National Drinking Water Database
National Drinking Water Database - Chemical Contaminants
Pentachlorophenol
Status: Regulated - EPA has established a maximum legal limit in tapwater for this contaminant.
Pentachlorophenol is a carcinogenic pollutant discharged from wood preserving factories. [read more]
Detected |
Found above health guidelines |
Found above legal limit |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| States | 22 |
22 |
2 |
| Water utilities | 105 |
105 |
4 |
| People Served | 5,119,286 |
5,119,286 |
4,544 |
Health Concerns for Pentachlorophenol:
- Cancer
- Endocrine disruption
- Neurotoxicity
- Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
- Persistence and bioaccumulation
- Allergies/immunotoxicity
- Developmental/reproductive toxicity
- Occupational hazards
- Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs)
- Ecotoxicology
Pentachlorophenol Exposure by State
Water utilities in 22 states have reported detecting Pentachlorophenol in treated tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies.
| State | Water Suppliers with Pentachlorophenol contamination | Water suppliers reporting Pentachlorophenol above health-based limits | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systems | Population | Systems | Population | |
| Florida | 7 | 1,898,519 | 7 | 1,898,519 |
| Pennsylvania | 5 | 1,638,977 | 5 | 1,638,977 |
| Maryland | 22 | 427,708 | 22 | 427,708 |
| California | 5 | 328,215 | 5 | 328,215 |
| Delaware | 15 | 252,480 | 15 | 252,480 |
| Kentucky | 1 | 248,064 | 1 | 248,064 |
| North Carolina | 9 | 108,632 | 9 | 108,632 |
| Indiana | 5 | 37,299 | 5 | 37,299 |
| New York | 6 | 26,075 | 6 | 26,075 |
| Nebraska | 1 | 25,000 | 1 | 25,000 |
| Wisconsin | 8 | 22,662 | 8 | 22,662 |
| Alabama | 1 | 22,250 | 1 | 22,250 |
| Arizona | 1 | 21,000 | 1 | 21,000 |
| Oregon | 4 | 19,946 | 4 | 19,946 |
| New Hampshire | 1 | 14,000 | 1 | 14,000 |
| Vermont | 1 | 12,200 | 1 | 12,200 |
| New Mexico | 6 | 7,338 | 6 | 7,338 |
| Arkansas | 1 | 3,800 | 1 | 3,800 |
| Illinois | 3 | 2,666 | 3 | 2,666 |
| Ohio | 1 | 1,900 | 1 | 1,900 |
| Montana | 1 | 280 | 1 | 280 |
| Missouri | 1 | 275 | 1 | 275 |
| Total | 105 | 5,119,286 | 105 | 5,119,286 |
The Most Polluted Communities
105 water utilities reported detecting Pentachlorophenol in tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies
Ranked by highest average Pentachlorophenol level
| Rank | System | Population Served | Positive test results of total reported tests | Average Level (Range) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Warsaw Village Warsaw, NY | 3,594 | 1 of 2 | 1.5 ppb (0 to 3 ppb) |
| 2 | Yorkview Estates W S Inc Mahopac, NY | 200 | 3 of 5 | 1.06 ppb (0 to 2.53 ppb) |
| 3 | Hellertown Borough Authority Hellertown, PA | 5,800 | 1 of 1 | 0.4 ppb (0.4 ppb) |
| 4 | Greenfield County Wd Bakersfield, CA | 8,400 | 1 of 3 | 0.23 ppb (0 to 0.7 ppb) |
| 5 | Beaver Creek DE | 350 | 1 of 5 | 0.2 ppb (0 to 1.01 ppb) |
| 6 | Valle Del Rio Water System Santa Teresa, NM | 243 | 1 of 2 | 0.18 ppb (0 to 0.36 ppb) |
| 7 | Laurel District Dover, DE | 75 | 1 of 5 | 0.14 ppb (0 to 0.72 ppb) |
| 8 | Prestwick Chase Pud Saratoga Springs, NY | 400 | 1 of 8 | 0.14 ppb (0 to 1.1 ppb) |
| 9 | Mesilla Park Manor Water System Las Cruces, NM | 848 | 1 of 2 | 0.12 ppb (0 to 0.25 ppb) |
| 10 | Summer Wind Mobile Home Park Las Cruces, NM | 476 | 1 of 2 | 0.11 ppb (0 to 0.23 ppb) |
Health Based Limits for Pentachlorophenol
| Standard | Description | Level |
|---|---|---|
| Maximum Contaminant Limit Goal (MCLG) | A non-enforceable health goal that is set at a level at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons occurs and which allows an adequate margin of safety. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 0 ppb |
| EPA Human Health Water Quality Criteria | Water quality criteria set by the US EPA provide guidance for states and tribes authorized to establish water quality standards under the Clean Water Act (CWA) to protect human health. These are non-enforceable standards based upon exposure by both drinking water and the contribution of water contamination to other consumed foods. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 0.27 ppb |
| California Public Health Goals | Defined by the State of California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) as the level of contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. For acutely toxic substances, levels are set at which scientific evidence indicates that no known or anticipated adverse effects on health will occur, plus an adequate margin-of safety. PHGs for carcinogens or other substances which can cause chronic disease shall be based solely on health effects without regard to cost impacts and shall be set at levels which OEHHA has determined do not pose any significant risk to health. | 0.3 ppb |
| One in one million (10-6) Cancer Risk | The concentration of a chemical in drinking water corresponding to an excess estimated lifetime cancer risk of 1 in 1,000,000. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 0.3 ppb |
| Maximum Contaminant Limit (MCL) | The enforceable standard which defines the highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to health-based limits (Maximum Contaminant Level Goals, or MCLGs) as feasible using the best available analytical and treatment technologies and taking cost into consideration. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 1 ppb |
| One in ten thousand (10-4) Cancer Risk | The concentration of a chemical in drinking water corresponding to an excess estimated lifetime cancer risk of 1 in 10,000. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 30 ppb |
| Children's health-based limit for 10-day exposure | Concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse, noncarcinogenic effects for up to ten days of exposure. The Ten-Day health-based limit (or Health Advisory, HA) is typically set to protect a 10-kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 300 ppb |
| Children's health-based limit for 1-day exposure | Concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects for up to one day of exposure. The One-Day health-based limit (or Health Advisory, HA) is typically set to protect a 10-kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 1000 ppb |
| Drinking Water Equivalent Level | A lifetime exposure concentration protective of adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects, that assumes all of the exposure to a contaminant is from drinking water. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 1000 ppb |
Testing Summary for Pentachlorophenol
| Are tests routinely required for Pentachlorophenol by federal law? | Yes |
| Water suppliers reporting tests for Pentachlorophenol (2004-2009): | 21,296 of 47,576 |
| Average testing rate for water supplier reporting tests (2004-2009): | 0.4 per year |
Violation Summary for Pentachlorophenol
Data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency includes the following violations of federal standards for Pentachlorophenol since 2004
| Maximum Contaminant Level Exceedance Violations | 4 |
| Monitoring Violations | 1,861 |
| Reporting Violations | 0 |
Cancer
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Possible human carcinogen | EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) |
| Possible human carcinogen | California EPA Proposition 65 |
| Cancer - strong evidence | Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens |
| Limited evidence of carcinogenicity | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Limited evidence of carcinogenicity | Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens |
| Possible carcinogen | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Environmental Science Research 1978 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1995 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology 1980 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1987 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 2001 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Handbook of pesticide toxicology 2001 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Food and Chemical Toxicology 2004 |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Aichi Ika Daigaku Igakkai Zasshi 1982 |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 1987 |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Environmental Science Research 1978 |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- IARC Scientific Publications 1974 |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Handbook of pesticide toxicology 2001 |
| One or more in vitro tests on microorganisms show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 2006 |
Endocrine disruption
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Human disruptor - strong evidence | European Commission on Endocrine Disruption |
| Limited evidence of endocrine disruption | Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004 |
| endocrine - weight of evidence unknown/unassessed/unreview: published lit review or major tox study | Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System |
| endocrine - weight of evidence unknown/unassessed/unreview: published lit review or major tox study | Our Stolen Future Endocrine Disruptors |
Neurotoxicity
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Strong evidence of human neurotoxicity | Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans |
Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Known human respiratory toxicant | EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants |
| Classified as a high human health priority | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
| Classified as expected to be toxic or harmful | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
| One or more animal studies show classified as toxic effects at low doses | EPA Categorized List of Inert Pesticide Ingredients |
| Classified as toxic or harmful | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Limited evidence of gastrointestinal or liver toxicity | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
| Limited evidence of sense organ toxicity | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center |
| Limited evidence of cardiovascular or blood toxicity | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 1990 |
| Limited evidence of kidney toxicity | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 2003 |
| Limited evidence of gastrointestinal or liver toxicity | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 2003 |
| One or more animal studies show classified as toxic effects at moderate doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient) | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
| One or more animal studies show classified as toxic effects at moderate doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient) | EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs |
| One or more animal studies show sense organ effects at moderate doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient) | RTECS®- National Technical Information Service 6023 |
Persistence and bioaccumulation
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife and humans | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
| Persistent or bioaccumulative and moderate to high toxicity concern in humans | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife | Canada PBTs - Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET) |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife | Great Lakes BTS (Binational Toxics Strategy) PBTs |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife | OSPAR PBTs - Substances of Possible Concern |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife | EPA PBTs - Waste Minimization Program (RCRA) |
| Not suspected to be bioaccumulative | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
Allergies/immunotoxicity
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Limited evidence of immune system toxicity or allergies | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center |
Developmental/reproductive toxicity
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Human nervous system toxicant - moderate evidence | Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans |
| Limited evidence of reproductive toxicity | Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004 |
| Limited evidence of developmental toxicity | Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004 |
Occupational hazards
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to very low doses | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to low doses | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to low doses | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 |
Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs)
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Classified as irritant | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Human skin irritant - moderate evidence | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
| One or more animal studies show skin irritation at moderate doses | RTECS®- American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 1962 |
Ecotoxicology
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Wildlife and environmental toxicity | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Wildlife and environmental toxicity | EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants |
| Wildlife and environmental toxicity | Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System |
| Wildlife and environmental toxicity | European Union - Water Framework Directive |
| Suspected to be an environmental toxin and be persistent or bioaccumulative | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
| Suspected to be an environmental toxin | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
Government, industry, academic studies and classifications
| government/industry list/academic study | appears on list as | classification(s) |
| European Union - Classification & Labelling | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | •Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect •Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect •Very toxic •Very toxic by inhalation •Toxic •Toxic in contact with skin and ingestion •Irritant (eyes, skin, or lungs) •Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin •Dangerous for the environment •Very toxic to aquatic organisms |
| Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | •Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (ACGIH classification A3) |
| EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | •Priority water pollutant under the Clean Water Act |
| Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | •EPA: probable endocrine disruptor |
| European Union - Banned or Restricted in Cosmetics | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | •Prohibited in EU cosmetics: must not form part of the composition of cosmetic products |
| European Union - Water Framework Directive | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | •Priority substance in EU water policy |
| EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | •Hazardous air pollutant under Clean Air Act |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | •Skin Designation (ACGIH) - Danger of cutaneous absorption (ACGIH): Yes; •Dermatotoxin: Chloracne; •Restricted - Regulations that have banned or restricted the use of the agent: In 1987, EPA restricted the use of PCP to certified applicators.; •Hepatotoxin: Hepatotoxin, Secondary; •PEL (OSHA) - Permissible exposure limit (OSHA): 0.5 mg/m3; •Bioaccumulates: Yes; •Other Poison: Uncoupler; •IARC Carcinogen - International Agency for Research on Cancer; classifies chemicals as established (1), probable (2a), or possible (2b) human carcinogens: Possible Carcinogen; •TLV (ACGIH) - Threshold limit value (ACGIH): 0.5 mg/m3;BE: Total PCP in urine = 2 mg/g creatinine prior to last shift |
| Canada PBTs - Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET) | PENTACHLORO-PHENOL | •Persistent, bioaccumulative toxicant under Canada's Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics program - targeted for elimination or reduction |
| Great Lakes BTS (Binational Toxics Strategy) PBTs | PENTACHLORO-PHENOL | •Persistent, bioaccumulative toxicant - Great Lakes Binational Strategy, Tier 2 concern (moderate), targeting for monitoring/testing |
| OSPAR PBTs - Substances of Possible Concern | PENTACHLORO-PHENOL | •Persistent, bioaccumulative toxicant - Oslo-Paris (OSPAR) Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, chemical of concern |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | PENTACHLORO-PHENOL | •Toxic, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxics Release Inventory programs |
| EPA PBTs - Waste Minimization Program (RCRA) | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | •Persistent, bioaccumulative toxicant - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, priority chemical for voluntary waste/emission reductions |
| EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | •Group B2: Probable human carcinogen - sufficient data in animals (EPA classification) |
| EPA Categorized List of Inert Pesticide Ingredients | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | •Pesticide inerts of toxicological concern according to EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) |
| Our Stolen Future Endocrine Disruptors | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | • |
| California EPA Proposition 65 | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | •Carcinogen: California Proposition 65 |
| Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004 | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | •Endocrine toxicity hazards: suspected |
| Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004 | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | •Reproductive toxicity hazards: suspected |
| Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004 | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | •Developmental toxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | •Immunotoxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | •Skin or sense organ toxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 1990 | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | •Cardiovascular or blood toxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 2003 | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | •Kidney toxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 2003 | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | •Gastrointestinal or liver toxicity hazards: suspected |
| Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | •Cancer hazards: recognized |
| European Commission on Endocrine Disruption | PENTACHLOROPHENOL (PCP) | HH-CAT1;WF-CAT3b |
| Environment Canada Domestic Substance List | PHENOL, PENTACHLORO- | •This chemical was deemed a high human health priority and was flagged by CEPA for further attention. The chemical is suspected to be carcinogenic, persistent, and toxic to aquatic organisms. |
| Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | • o |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | • occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology 1980 | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (hamster emb) |
| RTECS®- Aichi Ika Daigaku Igakkai Zasshi 1982 | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (Salmonella typhimurium ) |
| RTECS®- American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 1962 | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | • skin - Primary skin irritant (rabbit ) |
| RTECS®- Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 1987 | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems (other micro-organisms ) |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1987 | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (hamster ovr) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange (hamster ovr) |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 2001 | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (mouse fbr) |
| RTECS®- Environmental Science Research 1978 | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: (mouse ipr) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) |
| RTECS®- Food and Chemical Toxicology 2004 | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage ( human ast) |
| RTECS®- Handbook of pesticide toxicology 2001 | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (other micro-organisms ) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (hamster fbr) |
| RTECS®- IARC Scientific Publications 1974 | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Gene Conversion and Mitotic Recombination (Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1995 | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems (mouse orl) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2006 | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (non-mammalian species mul) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (non-mammalian species mul) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2006 | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: (other fish mul) |
| RTECS®- National Technical Information Service 6023 | PENTACHLOROPHENOL | • sense organ - Primary eye irritant (rabbit ) |
references
| government/industry list/academic study | reference |
| European Union - Classification & Labelling | CPS&Q (Consumer Products Safety & Quality) formely known as ECB (European Chemicals Bureau). 2008. Classification and Labelling: Chemicals: Annex VI of Directive 67/548/EEC through the 31st ATP. |
| Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens | ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) 2008. ACGIH cancer classification system. www.acgih.org. |
| EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants | |
| Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System | Illinois EPA (Illinois Environmental Protection Agency). 2000. Preliminary list of chemicals associated with endocrine system effects in animals and humans (*) or in vitro (+). In EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 2000. Handbook for Non-Cancer Health Effects Valuation, Appendix C. |
| European Union - Banned or Restricted in Cosmetics | EC (European Commission of the European Union). 1999-2006. Enterprise Directorate-General Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics. The rules governing cosmetic products in the European Union, Volume 1, "Cosmetics legislation." |
| European Union - Water Framework Directive | EU (European Union). 2000. Water Framework Directive (Directive 2000/60/EC ) - integrated river basin management for Europe. List of priority substances. |
| EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2005. Office of Air. The 112(b)1 Hazardous Air Pollutants List (as modified). Last modified: 12 Dec 2005. |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents. |
| Canada PBTs - Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET) | EC (Environment Canada). 1994. Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET). ARET substance list of persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals. |
| Great Lakes BTS (Binational Toxics Strategy) PBTs | Great Lakes BTS (Binational Toxics Strategy). 1997. Canada-United States Strategy for the Virtual Elimination of Persistent Toxic Substances in the Great Lakes. Appendix I - Level 1 and Level 2 substances. |
| OSPAR PBTs - Substances of Possible Concern | OSPAR (Oslo-Paris). 2002. OSPAR List of Substances of Possible Concern. Secondary OSPAR List of Substances of Possible Concern. Secondary OSPAR. Place Published, OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environement of North-East Atlanic. |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1999. Toxics Release Inventory Program. PBT Chemical Rule. |
| EPA PBTs - Waste Minimization Program (RCRA) | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1998. Resource Conservatin and Recovery Act (RCRA) Waste Minimization Program - priority chemicals for elimination or reduction. |
| EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2008. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Evidence for human carcinogenicity based on 1986-2005 guidelines. |
| EPA Categorized List of Inert Pesticide Ingredients | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1987 & 2005. Office of Pesticide Programs. Inert (other) Pesticide Ingredients in Pesticide Products - Categorized List of Inert (other) Pesticide Ingredients. |
| Our Stolen Future Endocrine Disruptors | Colborn T, D Dumanoski, JP Myers. 2006. Widespread Pollutants with Endocrine-disrupting Effects. Updated from original listing in "Our Stolen Future" (1996). |
| California EPA Proposition 65 | California EPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). 9/2008. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986. Chemicals known to the State to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Minimal risk Levels for Hazardous Substances. January 2004. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls.html, Brucker-Davis, F. Effects of Environmental Synthetic Chemicals on Thyroid Function. Thyroid. 8(9): 827-856. 1998., Illinois EPA. Endocrine Disruptors Strategy. 1997. (Table 1: Preliminary List of Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System Effects in Animals and Humans or In Vitro). http://www.nihs.go.jp/hse/environ/illiepatable.htm, Japanese National Institute of Health Sciences. Lists of Paradigmatic Chemicals. http://www.nihs.go.jp/hse/endocrine-e/paradigm/paradigm.html, Keith, L.H. (ed.). Environmental Endocrine Disruptors. John Wiley & Sons, NY. 1997. http://www.wileyeurope.com/cda/product/0,,0471191450%7Cdesc%7C3037,00.html, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation., World Wildlife Fund. Our Stolen Future. Widespread Pollutants with Endocrine-disrupting Effects. http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemlist.htm. The WWF list is derived from references detailed at http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm and was originally published in: Colborn, T., F.S. vom Saal, and A.M. Soto. Developmental Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals In Wildlife and Humans. Environmental Health Perspectives 101(5): 378-384. 1993. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Minimal risk Levels for Hazardous Substances. January 2004. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls.html, US EPA. Roadmaps to Sources of Information on Chemicals Listed in the Emergency Planning Community and Community Right-to-Know Act (Also Known as SARA Title 3), Section 313 Toxic Release Inventory (for Microcomputers). (Report Number EPADFDK92040). 1991. Data file distributed in 2 diskettes by Office of Pollution, Prevention, and Toxics, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. NOTE: Datasource no longer being maintained by EPA; not currently available online. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Minimal risk Levels for Hazardous Substances. January 2004. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls.html, US EPA. Roadmaps to Sources of Information on Chemicals Listed in the Emergency Planning Community and Community Right-to-Know Act (Also Known as SARA Title 3), Section 313 Toxic Release Inventory (for Microcomputers). (Report Number EPADFDK92040). 1991. Data file distributed in 2 diskettes by Office of Pollution, Prevention, and Toxics, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. NOTE: Datasource no longer being maintained by EPA; not currently available online., California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part III: Technical Support Document 'Determination of Noncancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels'. Includes all Chronic Reference Exposure Levels (CRELs) adopted by OEHHA as of August 2003 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/AllChrels.html, plus draft CRELS proposed through March 2004 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/index.html. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, LaDou, J. (ed.). Occupational Medicine. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CN. 1990., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part III: Technical Support Document 'Determination of Noncancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels'. Includes all Chronic Reference Exposure Levels (CRELs) adopted by OEHHA as of August 2003 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/AllChrels.html, plus draft CRELS proposed through March 2004 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/index.html. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part III: Technical Support Document 'Determination of Noncancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels'. Includes all Chronic Reference Exposure Levels (CRELs) adopted by OEHHA as of August 2003 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/AllChrels.html, plus draft CRELS proposed through March 2004 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/index.html., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens (July 2004) can be obtained from http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html. |
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| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2006 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 605,78,2006 |
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| RTECS®- National Technical Information Service 6023 | RTECS®- National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information. OTS0546023 |
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