National Drinking Water Database
National Drinking Water Database - Chemical Contaminants
Manganese
Status: For this chemical EPA has established a non-enforceable guideline called a "secondary standard," regulating it for aesthetic or cosmetic concerns (taste, odor, tooth discoloration, etc.)
Manganese is a naturally occurring element released from mineral deposits as well as industrial use.
Detected |
Found above health guidelines |
Found above legal limit |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| States | 35 |
33 |
33 |
| Water utilities | 9,913 |
3,246 |
3,246 |
| People Served | 95,244,485 |
42,169,574 |
42,169,574 |
Health Concerns for Manganese:
- Neurotoxicity
- Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
- Persistence and bioaccumulation
- Developmental/reproductive toxicity
- Occupational hazards
- Cancer
- Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs)
- Ecotoxicology
Manganese Exposure by State
Water utilities in 35 states have reported detecting Manganese in treated tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies.
| State | Water Suppliers with Manganese contamination | Water suppliers reporting Manganese above health-based limits | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systems | Population | Systems | Population | |
| California | 1,020 | 41,743,747 | 601 | 29,209,310 |
| New Jersey | 261 | 7,059,551 | 79 | 1,814,974 |
| New York | 447 | 3,362,757 | 204 | 1,722,383 |
| Illinois | 871 | 5,170,398 | 294 | 1,619,552 |
| Washington | 595 | 3,027,637 | 308 | 1,162,406 |
| Nebraska | 121 | 1,102,298 | 63 | 692,276 |
| Missouri | 897 | 2,069,574 | 124 | 628,241 |
| Texas | 2,489 | 9,900,158 | 308 | 536,810 |
| New Hampshire | 770 | 782,336 | 397 | 529,253 |
| North Carolina | 717 | 3,560,562 | 276 | 511,138 |
| Massachusetts | 120 | 2,697,275 | 86 | 501,729 |
| Wisconsin | 112 | 1,539,408 | 41 | 407,409 |
| Nevada | 77 | 2,008,828 | 20 | 381,839 |
| Ohio | 65 | 1,900,849 | 37 | 315,630 |
| Minnesota | 51 | 292,214 | 40 | 260,376 |
| Delaware | 40 | 494,384 | 13 | 246,855 |
| Alaska | 41 | 256,643 | 26 | 243,392 |
| Virginia | 21 | 697,204 | 16 | 213,297 |
| Idaho | 9 | 242,276 | 4 | 187,383 |
| Michigan | 29 | 279,731 | 13 | 161,193 |
| Maryland | 26 | 316,275 | 16 | 151,623 |
| Maine | 279 | 603,893 | 68 | 151,234 |
| Arkansas | 365 | 1,730,660 | 40 | 146,582 |
| Alabama | 104 | 1,159,694 | 13 | 107,577 |
| Pennsylvania | 33 | 401,558 | 20 | 97,456 |
| Iowa | 23 | 51,310 | 17 | 41,563 |
| Kentucky | 80 | 1,727,022 | 10 | 30,739 |
| Vermont | 127 | 158,704 | 58 | 27,775 |
| Utah | 20 | 335,619 | 5 | 26,064 |
| Rhode Island | 6 | 23,297 | 2 | 22,127 |
| North Dakota | 71 | 65,135 | 37 | 18,911 |
| New Mexico | 9 | 4,750 | 5 | 1,825 |
| Montana | 15 | 5,238 | 5 | 652 |
| Oklahoma | 1 | 471,000 | 0 | 0 |
| Oregon | 1 | 2,500 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | 9,913 | 95,244,485 | 3,246 | 42,169,574 |
The Most Polluted Communities
9,913 water utilities reported detecting Manganese in tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies
Ranked by highest average Manganese level
| Rank | System | Population Served | Positive test results of total reported tests | Average Level (Range) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Circle Washeteria Circle, AK | 100 | 1 of 1 | 3290 ppb (3290 ppb) |
| 2 | Maury Service Authority Lexington, VA | 25 | 1 of 1 | 3000 ppb (3000 ppb) |
| 3 | Valley Mills Crossing Bedford, VA | 50 | 1 of 1 | 3000 ppb (3000 ppb) |
| 4 | Elysian Heights VA | 285 | 1 of 1 | 2400 ppb (2400 ppb) |
| 5 | Cavendish Town Water System Cavendish, VT | 900 | 5 of 5 | 2276 ppb (1800 to 2570 ppb) |
| 6 | Danville Elementary NH | 471 | 2 of 2 | 2243 ppb (756 to 3730 ppb) |
| 7 | Country Club For Kids NH | 70 | 5 of 5 | 2146 ppb (1800 to 2650 ppb) |
| 8 | Melody Oaks Trailer Park Jackson, CA | 120 | 2 of 2 | 2085 ppb (1930 to 2240 ppb) |
| 9 | Mountain View Shores Subdivision Bedford, VA | 405 | 1 of 1 | 2000 ppb (2000 ppb) |
| 10 | Bald Knob Waterworks Bald Knob, AR | 3,210 | 1 of 1 | 1980 ppb (1980 ppb) |
Health Based Limits for Manganese
| Standard | Description | Level |
|---|---|---|
| EPA Human Health Water Quality Criteria | Water quality criteria set by the US EPA provide guidance for states and tribes authorized to establish water quality standards under the Clean Water Act (CWA) to protect human health. These are non-enforceable standards based upon exposure by both drinking water and the contribution of water contamination to other consumed foods. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 50 ppb |
| National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations | A National Secondary Drinking Water Regulation is a non-enforceable guideline regarding contaminants that may cause cosmetic effects (such as taste, odor, or color). Some states choose to adopt them as enforceable standards. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 50 ppb |
| Lifetime health-based limit, non-cancer risk | Concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects for a lifetime of exposure. The Lifetime health-based limit (or Health Advisory, HA) is based on exposure for a a 70-kg adult consuming 2 liters of water per day. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 300 ppb |
| Health-Based Screening Level | A benchmark concentration of contaminants in water that may be of potential concern for human health, if exceeded. For noncarcinogens, the HBSL represents the contaminant concentration in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse effects over a lifetime of exposure. For carcinogens, the HBSL range represents the contaminant concentration in drinking water that corresponds to an excess estimated lifetime cancer risk of 1 chance in 1 million to 1 chance in 10 thousand. Source: U.S. Geological Survey. | 300 ppb |
| Children's health-based limit for 1-day exposure | Concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects for up to one day of exposure. The One-Day health-based limit (or Health Advisory, HA) is typically set to protect a 10-kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 1000 ppb |
| Children's health-based limit for 10-day exposure | Concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse, noncarcinogenic effects for up to ten days of exposure. The Ten-Day health-based limit (or Health Advisory, HA) is typically set to protect a 10-kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 1000 ppb |
| Drinking Water Equivalent Level | A lifetime exposure concentration protective of adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects, that assumes all of the exposure to a contaminant is from drinking water. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 1600 ppb |
Testing Summary for Manganese
| Are tests routinely required for Manganese by federal law? | Yes |
| Water suppliers reporting tests for Manganese (2004-2009): | 16,536 of 47,576 |
| Average testing rate for water supplier reporting tests (2004-2009): | 0.6 per year |
Violation Summary for Manganese
Data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency includes the following violations of federal standards for Manganese since 2004
| Maximum Contaminant Level Exceedance Violations | 19 |
| Monitoring Violations | 349 |
| Reporting Violations | 0 |
Neurotoxicity
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Known human nervous system toxicant | ATSDR, 2008 |
| nervous system - weight of evidence unknown/unassessed/unreview: published lit review or major tox study | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Known human respiratory toxicant | EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants |
| Classified as expected to be toxic or harmful | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
| Classified as medium human health priority | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
| Limited evidence of respiratory toxicity | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
| Limited evidence of respiratory toxicity | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center |
| Limited evidence of gastrointestinal or liver toxicity | Klaassen, C, 1996 |
| One or more animal studies show classified as toxic effects at moderate doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient) | EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs |
| One or more animal studies show sense organ effects at moderate doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient) | RTECS®- "Sbornik Vysledku Toxixologickeho Vysetreni Latek A Pripravku," Marhold, J 1972 |
| One or more animal studies show broad systemic effects at high doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient) | RTECS®- "Sbornik Vysledku Toxixologickeho Vysetreni Latek A Pripravku," Marhold, J 1972 |
| reproductive - weight of evidence unknown/unassessed/unreview: published lit review or major tox study | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
Persistence and bioaccumulation
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife and humans | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
| Not suspected to be bioaccumulative | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
Developmental/reproductive toxicity
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Limited evidence of reproductive toxicity | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
| Limited evidence of reproductive toxicity | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 9204 |
| Limited evidence of reproductive toxicity | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center |
| One or more animal studies show reproductive effects at moderate doses | RTECS®- Neurotoxicology 2002 |
| One or more animal studies show developmental effects at moderate doses | RTECS®- Neurotoxicology 2002 |
| One or more animal studies show reproductive effects at high doses | RTECS®- Reproductive Toxicology 2003 |
Occupational hazards
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to very low doses | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2005 |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to very low doses | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006 |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to very low doses | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 |
Cancer
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- "Vrednie chemichescie veshestva 1989 |
| One or more animal studies show tumor formation at high doses | RTECS®- Progress Report for Contract No |
| Cancer - not classifiable/not likely to be human carcinogen | EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) |
Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs)
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| One or more animal studies show skin irritation at moderate doses | RTECS®- "Sbornik Vysledku Toxixologickeho Vysetreni Latek A Pripravku," Marhold, J 1972 |
Ecotoxicology
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Not suspected to be an environmental toxin | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
Government, industry, academic studies and classifications
| government/industry list/academic study | appears on list as | classification(s) |
| Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics | MANGANESE | • o |
| Environment Canada Domestic Substance List | MANGANESE | •This chemical was deemed a moderate human health priority and was flagged by CEPA for further attention. The chemical was flagged for suspected persistence. |
| EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) | MANGANESE | •Group D: Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity (EPA classification) |
| EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants | MANGANESE COMPOUNDS | •Hazardous air pollutant under Clean Air Act |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | MANGANESE | •Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male and female reproductive function: Yes; •Toxic Pneumonitis: Yes; •Neurotoxin: Parkinson's Syndrome; •Bioaccumulates: Yes; •TLV (ACGIH) - Threshold limit value (ACGIH): 0.2 mg/m3; •IDLH (NIOSH) - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health: 500 mg/m3; •MAK - Maximum Allowable Concentration (Federal Republic of Germany): 0.5 mg/m3, inhalable fraction; |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | MANGANESE; MANGANESE METAL ALLOY | •Toxic, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxics Release Inventory programs |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | MANGANESE COMPOUNDS | •Toxic, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxics Release Inventory programs |
| ATSDR, 2008 | MANGANESE | ATSDR states this manganese is a neurotoxin |
| US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 9204 | MANGANESE | •Reproductive toxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center | MANGANESE | •Respiratory toxicity hazards: suspected |
| Klaassen, C, 1996 | MANGANESE | •Gastrointestinal or liver toxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center | MANGANESE COMPOUNDS | •Respiratory toxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center | MANGANESE COMPOUNDS | •Reproductive toxicity hazards: suspected |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2005 | MANGANESE | • occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006 | MANGANESE | • occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 | MANGANESE | • occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- "Sbornik Vysledku Toxixologickeho Vysetreni Latek A Pripravku," Marhold, J 1972 | MANGANESE | • broad systemic - Broad systemic toxicity (rat LD50) • sense organ - Primary eye irritant (rabbit ) • skin - Primary skin irritant (rabbit ) |
| RTECS®- "Vrednie chemichescie veshestva 1989 | MANGANESE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Dominant Lethal Strain (rat ipr) |
| RTECS®- Neurotoxicology 2002 | MANGANESE | • developmental - Behavioral (rat TDLo) • reproductive - Central nervous system (rat TDLo) |
| RTECS®- Progress Report for Contract No | MANGANESE | • cancer - Tumors at site of application (rat TDLo) |
| RTECS®- Reproductive Toxicology 2003 | MANGANESE | • reproductive - Spermatogenesis (mouse TDLo) • reproductive - Testes, epididymis, sperm duct (mouse TDLo) |
references
| government/industry list/academic study | reference |
| Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics | AOEC (Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics). 2009. AEOC exposures codes and asthmagen designation. |
| Environment Canada Domestic Substance List | EC (Environment Canada). 2008. Domestic Substances List Categorization. Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) Environmental Registry. |
| EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2008. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Evidence for human carcinogenicity based on 1986-2005 guidelines. |
| EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2005. Office of Air. The 112(b)1 Hazardous Air Pollutants List (as modified). Last modified: 12 Dec 2005. |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents. |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1999. Toxics Release Inventory Program. PBT Chemical Rule. |
| Open scientific literature | ATSDR. Public Health Statement for Manganese. Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine September 2008 |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, US EPA. Roadmaps to Sources of Information on Chemicals Listed in the Emergency Planning Community and Community Right-to-Know Act (Also Known as SARA Title 3), Section 313 Toxic Release Inventory (for Microcomputers). (Report Number EPADFDK92040). 1991. Data file distributed in 2 diskettes by Office of Pollution, Prevention, and Toxics, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. NOTE: Datasource no longer being maintained by EPA; not currently available online., Frazier , L. and M. L. Hage (eds.). Reproductive Hazards of the Workplace, Wiley Europe, 1998. Table 10 (Partial List of Reproductive Toxicants) available at http://www.pharmacy.ohio-state.edu/homepage/safety/chemhygiene_table_repro.pdf., A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996., Malachowsky, M.J. Health Effects of Toxic Substances. Government Institutes. Rockville, MD 1995. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2005 | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2005 |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006 | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006 |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 |
| RTECS®- "Sbornik Vysledku Toxixologickeho Vysetreni Latek A Pripravku," Marhold, J 1972 | RTECS®- "Sbornik Vysledku Toxixologickeho Vysetreni Latek A Pripravku," Marhold, J.V., Institut Pro Vychovu Vedoucicn Pracovniku Chemickeho Prumyclu Praha, Czechoslovakia, 1972 -,21,1972 |
| RTECS®- "Vrednie chemichescie veshestva 1989 | RTECS®- "Vrednie chemichescie veshestva. Neorganicheskie soedinenia elementov V-VII groopp" (Hazardous substances. Inornanic substances containing V-VII group elements), Bandman A.L. et al., Chimia, 1989. -,413,1989 |
| RTECS®- Neurotoxicology 2002 | RTECS®- Neurotoxicology. (Intox Press, Inc., POB 34075, Little Rock, AR 72203) V.1- 1979- 23,635,2002 |
| RTECS®- Progress Report for Contract No | RTECS®- Progress Report for Contract No. PH-43-64-886, Submitted to the National Cancer Institute by The Institute of Chemical Biology, University of San Francisco. (San Francisco, CA 94117) PH43-64-886 |
| RTECS®- Reproductive Toxicology 2003 | RTECS®- Reproductive Toxicology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.1- 1987- 17,547,2003 |
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