National Drinking Water Database
National Drinking Water Database - Chemical Contaminants
Endrin
Status: Regulated - EPA has established a maximum legal limit in tapwater for this contaminant.
Endrin is a banned organochlorine insecticide that is persistent, bioaccumulative, acutely toxic to vertebrates and associated with massive deaths of fish, birds and other wildlife. [read more]
Detected |
Found above health guidelines |
Found above legal limit |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| States | 12 |
4 |
1 |
| Water utilities | 25 |
9 |
1 |
| People Served | 2,169,155 |
1,829,570 |
300 |
Health Concerns for Endrin:
- Neurotoxicity
- Developmental/reproductive toxicity
- Persistence and bioaccumulation
- Endocrine disruption
- Occupational hazards
- Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
- Cancer
- Ecotoxicology
Endrin Exposure by State
Water utilities in 12 states have reported detecting Endrin in treated tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies.
| State | Water Suppliers with Endrin contamination | Water suppliers reporting Endrin above health-based limits | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systems | Population | Systems | Population | |
| Maryland | 3 | 1,806,384 | 2 | 1,800,184 |
| Illinois | 4 | 20,262 | 4 | 20,262 |
| Connecticut | 4 | 40,225 | 1 | 6,324 |
| California | 2 | 2,800 | 2 | 2,800 |
| Delaware | 1 | 201,000 | 0 | 0 |
| Kentucky | 1 | 34,650 | 0 | 0 |
| Massachusetts | 1 | 28,000 | 0 | 0 |
| North Carolina | 3 | 14,870 | 0 | 0 |
| Wisconsin | 1 | 10,070 | 0 | 0 |
| Florida | 3 | 9,980 | 0 | 0 |
| New York | 1 | 800 | 0 | 0 |
| Indiana | 1 | 114 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | 25 | 2,169,155 | 9 | 1,829,570 |
The Most Polluted Communities
25 water utilities reported detecting Endrin in tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies
Ranked by highest average Endrin level
| Rank | System | Population Served | Positive test results of total reported tests | Average Level (Range) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Erskine Creek Wc Lake Isabella, CA | 2,500 | 1 of 1 | 0.57 ppb (0.57 ppb) |
| 2 | Brock Mutual Water Company Bakesrfield, CA | 300 | 1 of 5 | 0.53 ppb (0 to 2.65 ppb) |
| 3 | Luke / Newpage Luke Mill Luke, MD | 184 | 3 of 10 | 0.15 ppb (0 to 0.5 ppb) |
| 4 | IL American-Pontiac Creve Coeur, IL | 11,864 | 1 of 14 | 0.14 ppb (0 to 2 ppb) |
| 5 | Clinton Clinton, IL | 7,500 | 1 of 3 | 0.05 ppb (0 to 0.14 ppb) |
| 6 | Expressway Mhp Quincy, IL | 98 | 1 of 3 | 0.04 ppb (0 to 0.12 ppb) |
| 7 | Ashmore Ashmore, IL | 800 | 1 of 5 | 0.03 ppb (0 to 0.13 ppb) |
| 8 | CTWC - Naugatuck Reg-Collinsville Sys Naugatuck, CT | 6,324 | 1 of 4 | 0.03 ppb (0 to 0.1 ppb) |
| 9 | Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission Silver Spring, MD | 1,800,000 | 2 of 19 | 0.01 ppb (0 to 0.13 ppb) |
| 10 | East Hampton Wpca - Royal Oaks System CT | 328 | 1 of 7 | < 0.01 ppb (0 to 0.04 ppb) |
Health Based Limits for Endrin
| Standard | Description | Level |
|---|---|---|
| EPA Human Health Water Quality Criteria | Water quality criteria set by the US EPA provide guidance for states and tribes authorized to establish water quality standards under the Clean Water Act (CWA) to protect human health. These are non-enforceable standards based upon exposure by both drinking water and the contribution of water contamination to other consumed foods. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 0.06 ppb |
| California Public Health Goals | Defined by the State of California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) as the level of contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. For acutely toxic substances, levels are set at which scientific evidence indicates that no known or anticipated adverse effects on health will occur, plus an adequate margin-of safety. PHGs for carcinogens or other substances which can cause chronic disease shall be based solely on health effects without regard to cost impacts and shall be set at levels which OEHHA has determined do not pose any significant risk to health. | 1.8 ppb |
| Maximum Contaminant Limit (MCL) | The enforceable standard which defines the highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to health-based limits (Maximum Contaminant Level Goals, or MCLGs) as feasible using the best available analytical and treatment technologies and taking cost into consideration. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 2 ppb |
| Maximum Contaminant Limit Goal (MCLG) | A non-enforceable health goal that is set at a level at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons occurs and which allows an adequate margin of safety. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 2 ppb |
| Lifetime health-based limit, non-cancer risk | Concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects for a lifetime of exposure. The Lifetime health-based limit (or Health Advisory, HA) is based on exposure for a a 70-kg adult consuming 2 liters of water per day. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 2 ppb |
| Children's health-based limit for 10-day exposure | Concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse, noncarcinogenic effects for up to ten days of exposure. The Ten-Day health-based limit (or Health Advisory, HA) is typically set to protect a 10-kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 5 ppb |
| Drinking Water Equivalent Level | A lifetime exposure concentration protective of adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects, that assumes all of the exposure to a contaminant is from drinking water. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 10 ppb |
| Children's health-based limit for 1-day exposure | Concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects for up to one day of exposure. The One-Day health-based limit (or Health Advisory, HA) is typically set to protect a 10-kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 20 ppb |
Testing Summary for Endrin
| Are tests routinely required for Endrin by federal law? | Yes |
| Water suppliers reporting tests for Endrin (2004-2009): | 20,018 of 47,576 |
| Average testing rate for water supplier reporting tests (2004-2009): | 0.4 per year |
Violation Summary for Endrin
Data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency includes the following violations of federal standards for Endrin since 2004
| Maximum Contaminant Level Exceedance Violations | 0 |
| Monitoring Violations | 1,694 |
| Reporting Violations | 0 |
Neurotoxicity
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Strong evidence of human neurotoxicity | Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans |
Developmental/reproductive toxicity
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Possible human developmental toxicant | California EPA Proposition 65 |
| Human developmental toxicant - strong evidence | Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens |
| Human nervous system toxicant - moderate evidence | Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans |
| Limited evidence of reproductive toxicity | Jankovic, J, 1996 |
Persistence and bioaccumulation
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife and humans | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife and humans | United Nations Environment Programme/POPs Treaty |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife | Great Lakes BTS (Binational Toxics Strategy) PBTs |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife | OSPAR PBTs - Substances of Possible Concern |
Endocrine disruption
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Human disruptor - moderate evidence | European Commission on Endocrine Disruption |
| Limited evidence of wildlife and the environment disruption | European Commission on Endocrine Disruption |
| Limited evidence of endocrine disruption | Illinois EPA, 1997 |
| endocrine - weight of evidence unknown/unassessed/unreview: published lit review or major tox study | Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System |
Occupational hazards
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to very low doses | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to very low doses | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to low doses | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Classified as very toxic or harmful | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Classified as toxic or harmful | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Limited evidence of gastrointestinal or liver toxicity | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
| Limited evidence of kidney toxicity | Merck & Co |
| One or more animal studies show classified as toxic effects at moderate doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient) | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
Cancer
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Cancer - limited evidence | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
| Cancer - not classifiable/not likely to be human carcinogen | EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 1973 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica 1972 |
| One or more in vitro tests on microorganisms show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1983 |
| Cancer - not classifiable/not likely to be human carcinogen | Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens |
Ecotoxicology
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Wildlife and environmental toxicity | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Wildlife and environmental toxicity | EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants |
| Wildlife and environmental toxicity | Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System |
Government, industry, academic studies and classifications
| government/industry list/academic study | appears on list as | classification(s) |
| European Union - Classification & Labelling | ENDRIN | •Very toxic •Very toxic if swallowed •Toxic •Toxic in contact with skin •Dangerous for the environment •Very toxic to aquatic organisms |
| Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics | ENDRIN | • P |
| EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants | ENDRIN | •Priority water pollutant under the Clean Water Act |
| Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System | ENDRIN | •EPA: probable endocrine disruptor |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | ENDRIN | •Skin Designation (ACGIH) - Danger of cutaneous absorption (ACGIH): Yes; •Restricted - Regulations that have banned or restricted the use of the agent: Voluntary cancellation in 1985; all U.S. registrations cancelled; [EPA Pesticides, p. 56]; •Hepatotoxin: Hepatotoxin, Secondary; •PEL (OSHA) - Permissible exposure limit (OSHA): 0.1 mg/m3; •LC50 - Lethal concentration in 50% of animals tested: 2500 mg/m3; •Bioaccumulates: Yes; •Other Poison: Organochlorine Pesticide; •TLV (ACGIH) - Threshold limit value (ACGIH): 0.1 mg/m3; •Flammability (NFPA) - NFPA flammability code: 0 = will not burn; 1 = must be preheated; 2 = high ambient temp required; 3 = may ignite at ambient temp; 4 = burn readily: 1: must be preheated; •IDLH (NIOSH) - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health: 2 mg/m3;MA: 0.1 |
| Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants | ENDRIN | Banned under the Aahrus Protocol for Persistent Organic Pollutants |
| Great Lakes BTS (Binational Toxics Strategy) PBTs | ENDRIN | •Persistent, bioaccumulative toxicant - Great Lakes Binational Strategy, Tier 2 concern (moderate), targeting for monitoring/testing |
| OSPAR PBTs - Substances of Possible Concern | ENDRIN | •Persistent, bioaccumulative toxicant - Oslo-Paris (OSPAR) Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, chemical of concern |
| United Nations Environment Programme/POPs Treaty | ENDRIN | •Persistent, bioaccumulative toxicant - targeted for ban under international treaty (Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, or POPs Convention) |
| EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) | ENDRIN | •Group D: Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity (EPA classification) |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | ENDRIN | •IARC Group 3 (no cancer link) |
| California EPA Proposition 65 | ENDRIN | •Developmental toxin: California Proposition 65 |
| Illinois EPA, 1997 | ENDRIN | •Endocrine toxicity hazards: suspected |
| Jankovic, J, 1996 | ENDRIN | •Reproductive toxicity hazards: suspected |
| Merck & Co | ENDRIN | •Kidney toxicity hazards: suspected |
| Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens | ENDRIN | •Developmental toxicity hazards: recognized |
| Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics Ingredients | ENDRIN | •Prohibited from use in Canadian cosmetics |
| European Commission on Endocrine Disruption | ENDRIN | HH-CAT2;WF-CAT2 |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 | ENDRIN | • occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica 1972 | ENDRIN | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: sperm (rat par) |
| RTECS®- Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 1973 | ENDRIN | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (rat par) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1983 | ENDRIN | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange (other fish mul) |
references
| government/industry list/academic study | reference |
| European Union - Classification & Labelling | CPS&Q (Consumer Products Safety & Quality) formely known as ECB (European Chemicals Bureau). 2008. Classification and Labelling: Chemicals: Annex VI of Directive 67/548/EEC through the 31st ATP. |
| Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics | AOEC (Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics). 2009. AEOC exposures codes and asthmagen designation. |
| EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants | |
| Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System | Illinois EPA (Illinois Environmental Protection Agency). 2000. Preliminary list of chemicals associated with endocrine system effects in animals and humans (*) or in vitro (+). In EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 2000. Handbook for Non-Cancer Health Effects Valuation, Appendix C. |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents. |
| Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants | Aarhus LRTAP. 1998. Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Geneva Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, United Nations Environment Program. |
| Great Lakes BTS (Binational Toxics Strategy) PBTs | Great Lakes BTS (Binational Toxics Strategy). 1997. Canada-United States Strategy for the Virtual Elimination of Persistent Toxic Substances in the Great Lakes. Appendix I - Level 1 and Level 2 substances. |
| OSPAR PBTs - Substances of Possible Concern | OSPAR (Oslo-Paris). 2002. OSPAR List of Substances of Possible Concern. Secondary OSPAR List of Substances of Possible Concern. Secondary OSPAR. Place Published, OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environement of North-East Atlanic. |
| United Nations Environment Programme/POPs Treaty | UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 2001. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) — POPs Treaty. |
| EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2008. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Evidence for human carcinogenicity based on 1986-2005 guidelines. |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2008. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, as evaluated in IARC Monographs Volumes 1-99 (a total of 935 agents, mixtures and exposures). |
| California EPA Proposition 65 | California EPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). 9/2008. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986. Chemicals known to the State to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Illinois EPA. Endocrine Disruptors Strategy. 1997. (Table 1: Preliminary List of Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System Effects in Animals and Humans or In Vitro). http://www.nihs.go.jp/hse/environ/illiepatable.htm, Japanese National Institute of Health Sciences. Lists of Paradigmatic Chemicals. http://www.nihs.go.jp/hse/endocrine-e/paradigm/paradigm.html |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Jankovic, J. A Screening Method for Occupational Reproductive Health Risk. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 57: 641-649. 1996. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Merck & Co. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. TABLE 226-1. Common Nephrotoxic Agents http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/tables/226tb1.htm, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens (July 2004) can be obtained from http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html. |
| Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics Ingredients | Health Canada. 2007. List of Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetic Ingredients. Canada's Cosmetic Ingredient Hotlist. March 2007. |
| European Commission on Endocrine Disruption | EU (European Union)- Strategy for Endocrine Disrupters 2007. Commision on endocrin disruption requested by the European Parliament in 1998. |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 |
| RTECS®- Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica 1972 | RTECS®- Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica. (Copenhagen, Denmark) V.1-59, 1945-86. For publisher information, see PHTOEH 31,1,1972 |
| RTECS®- Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 1973 | RTECS®- Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., Service Center, 44 Hartz Way, Secaucus, NJ 07094) V.1- 9,65,1973 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1983 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 118,61,1983 |
"RTECS®" is a United States trademark owned and licensed under authority of the U.S. Government, by and through MDL Information Systems, Inc.