National Drinking Water Database
National Drinking Water Database - Chemical Contaminants
Dichloromethane (methylene chloride)
Status: Regulated - EPA has established a maximum legal limit in tapwater for this contaminant.
Dichloromethane is a widely-used paint remover, solvent and metal degreasing agent; it is discharged into the environment from the manufacture of chemicals, textiles, electronics, metals and plastics, pharmaceuticals and pesticides. [read more]
Detected |
Found above health guidelines |
Found above legal limit |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| States | 37 |
37 |
14 |
| Water utilities | 841 |
841 |
21 |
| People Served | 20,146,116 |
20,146,116 |
156,255 |
Health Concerns for Dichloromethane (methylene chloride):
- Cancer
- Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
- Developmental/reproductive toxicity
- Persistence and bioaccumulation
- Occupational hazards
- Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs)
- Ecotoxicology
- Multiple, additive exposure sources
Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) Exposure by State
Water utilities in 37 states have reported detecting Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) in treated tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies.
| State | Water Suppliers with Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) contamination | Water suppliers reporting Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) above health-based limits | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systems | Population | Systems | Population | |
| Florida | 89 | 4,268,355 | 89 | 4,268,355 |
| California | 72 | 3,136,402 | 72 | 3,136,402 |
| Texas | 45 | 2,870,526 | 45 | 2,870,526 |
| Pennsylvania | 50 | 2,659,383 | 50 | 2,659,383 |
| Ohio | 18 | 1,571,035 | 18 | 1,571,035 |
| Wisconsin | 164 | 918,889 | 164 | 918,889 |
| Alabama | 16 | 758,966 | 16 | 758,966 |
| Illinois | 80 | 622,917 | 80 | 622,917 |
| Nebraska | 4 | 531,496 | 4 | 531,496 |
| North Carolina | 31 | 434,329 | 31 | 434,329 |
| Washington | 17 | 430,023 | 17 | 430,023 |
| New Jersey | 9 | 378,444 | 9 | 378,444 |
| Delaware | 22 | 236,531 | 22 | 236,531 |
| Alaska | 19 | 228,451 | 19 | 228,451 |
| Massachusetts | 10 | 226,685 | 10 | 226,685 |
| Minnesota | 20 | 207,648 | 20 | 207,648 |
| New Mexico | 36 | 164,406 | 36 | 164,406 |
| Missouri | 23 | 88,638 | 23 | 88,638 |
| Rhode Island | 2 | 78,969 | 2 | 78,969 |
| Indiana | 14 | 71,373 | 14 | 71,373 |
| New York | 19 | 66,602 | 19 | 66,602 |
| Iowa | 16 | 65,283 | 16 | 65,283 |
| Michigan | 8 | 58,230 | 8 | 58,230 |
| Oklahoma | 8 | 27,183 | 8 | 27,183 |
| Arkansas | 8 | 9,791 | 8 | 9,791 |
| Connecticut | 4 | 9,665 | 4 | 9,665 |
| Maryland | 5 | 7,616 | 5 | 7,616 |
| Virginia | 8 | 6,515 | 8 | 6,515 |
| New Hampshire | 9 | 3,214 | 9 | 3,214 |
| Montana | 3 | 3,095 | 3 | 3,095 |
| Kentucky | 1 | 3,033 | 1 | 3,033 |
| Idaho | 1 | 687 | 1 | 687 |
| Oregon | 4 | 680 | 4 | 680 |
| Maine | 3 | 432 | 3 | 432 |
| Wyoming | 1 | 254 | 1 | 254 |
| Vermont | 1 | 200 | 1 | 200 |
| Utah | 1 | 170 | 1 | 170 |
| Total | 841 | 20,146,116 | 841 | 20,146,116 |
The Most Polluted Communities
841 water utilities reported detecting Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) in tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies
Ranked by highest average Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) level
| Rank | System | Population Served | Positive test results of total reported tests | Average Level (Range) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mettler County Water District Bakersfield, CA | 146 | 1 of 1 | 10 ppb (10 ppb) |
| 2 | House Water System House, NM | 80 | 1 of 2 | 5.65 ppb (0 to 11.3 ppb) |
| 3 | Springer Water System Springer, NM | 2,000 | 1 of 3 | 3.83 ppb (0 to 11.5 ppb) |
| 4 | Watkins Subdivision Camdenton, MO | 31 | 1 of 2 | 2.52 ppb (0 to 5.04 ppb) |
| 5 | High Rolls Community Water Users Coop High Rolls, NM | 300 | 2 of 4 | 2.47 ppb (0 to 8.39 ppb) |
| 6 | Folly Farms VA | 30 | 1 of 1 | 2.2 ppb (2.2 ppb) |
| 7 | St. Clair Ranchos Mutual Water Co. Bakersfield, CA | 68 | 1 of 1 | 2.2 ppb (2.2 ppb) |
| 8 | Allegan County Services Center Allegan, MI | 101 | 1 of 1 | 2.2 ppb (2.2 ppb) |
| 9 | Burns Bd. of Public Utilities Burns, WY | 254 | 1 of 2 | 2.13 ppb (0 to 4.25 ppb) |
| 10 | Mounds View St Paul, MN | 12,550 | 3 of 4 | 2.03 ppb (0 to 4.4 ppb) |
Health Based Limits for Dichloromethane (methylene chloride)
| Standard | Description | Level |
|---|---|---|
| Maximum Contaminant Limit Goal (MCLG) | A non-enforceable health goal that is set at a level at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons occurs and which allows an adequate margin of safety. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 0 ppb |
| California Public Health Goals | Defined by the State of California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) as the level of contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. For acutely toxic substances, levels are set at which scientific evidence indicates that no known or anticipated adverse effects on health will occur, plus an adequate margin-of safety. PHGs for carcinogens or other substances which can cause chronic disease shall be based solely on health effects without regard to cost impacts and shall be set at levels which OEHHA has determined do not pose any significant risk to health. | 4 ppb |
| EPA Human Health Water Quality Criteria | Water quality criteria set by the US EPA provide guidance for states and tribes authorized to establish water quality standards under the Clean Water Act (CWA) to protect human health. These are non-enforceable standards based upon exposure by both drinking water and the contribution of water contamination to other consumed foods. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 4.6 ppb |
| Maximum Contaminant Limit (MCL) | The enforceable standard which defines the highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to health-based limits (Maximum Contaminant Level Goals, or MCLGs) as feasible using the best available analytical and treatment technologies and taking cost into consideration. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 5 ppb |
| One in one million (10-6) Cancer Risk | The concentration of a chemical in drinking water corresponding to an excess estimated lifetime cancer risk of 1 in 1,000,000. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 5 ppb |
| One in ten thousand (10-4) Cancer Risk | The concentration of a chemical in drinking water corresponding to an excess estimated lifetime cancer risk of 1 in 10,000. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 500 ppb |
| Children's health-based limit for 10-day exposure | Concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse, noncarcinogenic effects for up to ten days of exposure. The Ten-Day health-based limit (or Health Advisory, HA) is typically set to protect a 10-kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 2000 ppb |
| Drinking Water Equivalent Level | A lifetime exposure concentration protective of adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects, that assumes all of the exposure to a contaminant is from drinking water. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 2000 ppb |
| Children's health-based limit for 1-day exposure | Concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects for up to one day of exposure. The One-Day health-based limit (or Health Advisory, HA) is typically set to protect a 10-kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 10000 ppb |
Testing Summary for Dichloromethane (methylene chloride)
| Are tests routinely required for Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) by federal law? | Yes |
| Water suppliers reporting tests for Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) (2004-2009): | 33,937 of 47,576 |
| Average testing rate for water supplier reporting tests (2004-2009): | 0.6 per year |
Violation Summary for Dichloromethane (methylene chloride)
Data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency includes the following violations of federal standards for Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) since 2004
| Maximum Contaminant Level Exceedance Violations | 7 |
| Monitoring Violations | 4,303 |
| Reporting Violations | 0 |
Cancer
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Cancer - strong evidence | Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens |
| Possible human carcinogen | California EPA Proposition 65 |
| Possible human carcinogen | NTP Report on Carcinogens, 11th Edition |
| Possible human carcinogen | NTP - Tumor Induction in Mammary Gland |
| Possible human carcinogen | EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) |
| Limited evidence of carcinogenicity | NIOSH Occupational Carcinogens |
| Limited evidence of carcinogenicity | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Limited evidence of carcinogenicity | Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens |
| Limited evidence of carcinogenicity | Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens |
| One or more human case studies show possible cancer findings | NTP - Tumor Induction in Mammary Gland |
| Cancer - limited evidence | Silent Spring's Mammary Carcinogens Reviews Database |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis 1989 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 2000 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1981 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- In Vitro 1978 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1998 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1990 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1994 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1996 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1983 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry 1987 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Environmental Science Research 1982 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 2003 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 2005 |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1981 |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1991 |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1978 |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1992 |
Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Known human respiratory toxicant | EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants |
| One or more animal studies show classified as toxic effects at low doses | EPA Categorized List of Inert Pesticide Ingredients |
| One or more animal studies show sense organ effects at low doses | RTECS®- European Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene 1976 |
| Limited evidence of cardiovascular or blood toxicity | Klaassen, C, 1996 |
| Limited evidence of gastrointestinal or liver toxicity | Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004 |
| One or more animal studies show classified as toxic effects at moderate doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient) | EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs |
| One or more animal studies show sense organ effects at moderate doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient) | RTECS®- Toxicology 1976 |
| One or more animal studies show sense organ effects at moderate doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient) | RTECS®- "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J 1986 |
| Classified as a low human health priority | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
| Classified as not expected to be potentially toxic or harmful | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
Developmental/reproductive toxicity
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Limited evidence of reproductive toxicity | Frazier , L, 1998 |
Persistence and bioaccumulation
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife | Canada PBTs - Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET) |
| Not suspected to be bioaccumulative | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
Occupational hazards
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses | RTECS®- MSHA STANDARD-air: 3,171,1971 |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Gen Indu): 29,1910 1994 |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Shipyard): 29,1915 1993 |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Fed Cont): 41,50-204 1994 |
Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs)
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| One or more animal studies show skin irritation at very low doses | RTECS®- European Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene 1976 |
| One or more animal studies show skin irritation at low doses | RTECS®- "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J 1986 |
Ecotoxicology
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Wildlife and environmental toxicity | European Union - Water Framework Directive |
| Wildlife and environmental toxicity | EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants |
| Not suspected to be an environmental toxin | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
Multiple, additive exposure sources
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Designated as safe for general or specific, limited use in food | FDA Everything Added to Food |
Government, industry, academic studies and classifications
| government/industry list/academic study | appears on list as | classification(s) |
| European Union - Classification & Labelling | DICHLOROMETHANE | •Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect •Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect |
| Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens | DICHLOROMETHANE (METHYLENE CHLORIDE) | •Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (ACGIH classification A3) |
| Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics | METHYLENE CHLORIDE | • S |
| Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics | METHYLENE CHLORIDE | • S |
| Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics | METHYLENE CHLORIDE | • S |
| U.S. - Ingredients Prohibited and Restricted in Cosmetics by FDA Regulations | METHYLENE CHLORIDE | •Prohibited for use in cosmetics by FDA (US) |
| Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics Ingredients | METHYLENE CHLORIDE | •Use is restricted in Canadian cosmetics |
| Cosmetic Ingredient Review Assessments | METHYLENE CHLORIDE | •Safe for use in cosmetics with some qualifications •Safe for brief discontinuous use followed by thorough rinsing • |
| EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants | DICHLOROMETHANE | •Priority water pollutant under the Clean Water Act |
| FDA Everything Added to Food | METHYLENE CHLORIDE | • Fully up-to-date toxicology information has been sought. |
| Environment Canada Domestic Substance List | METHANE, DICHLORO- | •This chemical was deemed a low human health priority and was NOT flagged by CEPA for further attention. The chemical was flagged for suspected persistence. |
| EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) | DICHLOROMETHANE | •Group B2: Probable human carcinogen - sufficient data in animals (EPA classification) |
| European Union - Water Framework Directive | DICHLOROMETHANE | •Priority substance in EU water policy |
| EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants | METHYLENE CHLORIDE (DICHLOROMETHANE) | •Hazardous air pollutant under Clean Air Act |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | METHYLENE CHLORIDE | •Restricted - Regulations that have banned or restricted the use of the agent: The methylene chloride standard (29 CFR 1910.1052) requires medical surveillance when the worker is exposed at or above the action level for 30 or more days per year, or at or above the STEL for 10 or more days per year.;HE: Hepatotoxin, Second |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | DICHLOROMETHANE (METHYLENE CHLORIDE) | •IARC Group 2B: possible human carcinogen (International Agency for Research on Carcinogens) |
| EPA Categorized List of Inert Pesticide Ingredients | METHYLENE CHLORIDE | •Pesticide inerts of toxicological concern according to EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) |
| NIOSH Occupational Carcinogens | METHYLENE CHLORIDE | •Potential occupational carcinogen according to NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) |
| NTP Report on Carcinogens, 11th Edition | DICHLOROMETHANE (METHYLENE CHLORIDE) | •Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen (National Toxicology Program classification) |
| NTP - Tumor Induction in Mammary Gland | METHYLENE CHLORIDE | •Induces mammary tumors (National Toxicology Program classification) |
| Canada PBTs - Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET) | DICHLOROMETHANE | •Persistent toxicant under Canada's Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics program - targeted for elimination or reduction |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | DICHLOROMETHANE | •Toxic, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxics Release Inventory programs |
| California EPA Proposition 65 | DICHLOROMETHANE (METHYLENE CHLORIDE) | •Carcinogen: California Proposition 65 |
| Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004 | DICHLOROMETHANE | •Gastrointestinal or liver toxicity hazards: suspected |
| Frazier , L, 1998 | DICHLOROMETHANE | •Reproductive toxicity hazards: suspected |
| Klaassen, C, 1996 | DICHLOROMETHANE | •Cardiovascular or blood toxicity hazards: suspected |
| Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens | DICHLOROMETHANE | •Cancer hazards: recognized |
| Silent Spring's Mammary Carcinogens Reviews Database | METHYLENE CHLORIDE | •Chemicals Shown to Cause Mammary Gland Tumors in Animal Studies |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 | DICHLOROMETHANE | • occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J 1986 | DICHLOROMETHANE | • sense organ - Primary eye irritant (rabbit ) • skin - Primary skin irritant (rabbit ) |
| RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1994 | DICHLOROMETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (rat lvr) |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1990 | DICHLOROMETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (mouse ihl) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (mouse ihl) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange (mouse ihl) |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1992 | DICHLOROMETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (Escherichia coli ) |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 2000 | DICHLOROMETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (mouse fbr) |
| RTECS®- Environmental Science Research 1982 | DICHLOROMETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (hamster emb) |
| RTECS®- European Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene 1976 | DICHLOROMETHANE | • sense organ - Primary eye irritant (rabbit ) • skin - Primary skin irritant (rabbit ) |
| RTECS®- In Vitro 1978 | DICHLOROMETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (rat emb) |
| RTECS®- MSHA STANDARD-air: 3,171,1971 | DICHLOROMETHANE | • occupationally related - MSHA STANDARD-air (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1983 | DICHLOROMETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (hamster ovr) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems (hamster ovr) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1991 | DICHLOROMETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Phage Inhibition Capacity (Escherichia coli ) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1996 | DICHLOROMETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (hamster ovr) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Mammalian Somatic Cells (hamster ovr) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1998 | DICHLOROMETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (mouse orl) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2003 | DICHLOROMETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage ( human lng) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1978 | DICHLOROMETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (Salmonella typhimurium ) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2005 | DICHLOROMETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (hamster fbr) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1981 | DICHLOROMETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Inhibition ( human fbr) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange (hamster lng) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1981 | DICHLOROMETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sex Chromosome Loss and Nondisjunction (Drosophila melanogaster orl) |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Fed Cont): 41,50-204 1994 | DICHLOROMETHANE | • occupationally related - OSHA PEL (Fed Cont) (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Gen Indu): 29,1910 1994 | DICHLOROMETHANE | • occupationally related - OSHA PEL (Gen Indu) (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Shipyard): 29,1915 1993 | DICHLOROMETHANE | • occupationally related - OSHA PEL (Shipyard) (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis 1989 | DICHLOROMETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (rat orl) |
| RTECS®- Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry 1987 | DICHLOROMETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (hamster lng) |
| RTECS®- Toxicology 1976 | DICHLOROMETHANE | • sense organ - Primary eye irritant (rabbit ) |
references
| government/industry list/academic study | reference |
| European Union - Classification & Labelling | CPS&Q (Consumer Products Safety & Quality) formely known as ECB (European Chemicals Bureau). 2008. Classification and Labelling: Chemicals: Annex VI of Directive 67/548/EEC through the 31st ATP. |
| Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens | ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) 2008. ACGIH cancer classification system. www.acgih.org. |
| Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics | AOEC (Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics). 2009. AEOC exposures codes and asthmagen designation. |
| U.S. - Ingredients Prohibited and Restricted in Cosmetics by FDA Regulations | FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration), 2006. Ingredients Prohibited and Restricted by FDA Regulations. FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Cosmetics and Colors. Downloaded from http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/cos-210.html. |
| Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics Ingredients | Health Canada. 2007. List of Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetic Ingredients. Canada's Cosmetic Ingredient Hotlist. March 2007. |
| Cosmetic Ingredient Review Assessments | CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review). 2006. CIR Compendium, containing abstracts, discussions, and conclusions of CIR cosmetic ingredient safety assessments. Washington DC. |
| EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants | |
| FDA Everything Added to Food | FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration). 2008. EAFUS [Everything Added to Food]: A Food Additive Database. FDA Office of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. |
| Environment Canada Domestic Substance List | EC (Environment Canada). 2008. Domestic Substances List Categorization. Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) Environmental Registry. |
| EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2008. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Evidence for human carcinogenicity based on 1986-2005 guidelines. |
| European Union - Water Framework Directive | EU (European Union). 2000. Water Framework Directive (Directive 2000/60/EC ) - integrated river basin management for Europe. List of priority substances. |
| EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2005. Office of Air. The 112(b)1 Hazardous Air Pollutants List (as modified). Last modified: 12 Dec 2005. |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents. |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2008. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, as evaluated in IARC Monographs Volumes 1-99 (a total of 935 agents, mixtures and exposures). |
| EPA Categorized List of Inert Pesticide Ingredients | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1987 & 2005. Office of Pesticide Programs. Inert (other) Pesticide Ingredients in Pesticide Products - Categorized List of Inert (other) Pesticide Ingredients. |
| NIOSH Occupational Carcinogens | NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health). 2006. NIOSH Carcinogens List (Potential occupational carcinogens). http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npotocca.html. |
| NTP Report on Carcinogens, 11th Edition | NTP (National Toxicology Program). 2005. Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program. |
| NTP - Tumor Induction in Mammary Gland | NTP (National Toxicology Program) 2006. Chemicals Associated with Site-Specific Tumor Induction in Mammary Gland. |
| Canada PBTs - Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET) | EC (Environment Canada). 1994. Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET). ARET substance list of persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals. |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1999. Toxics Release Inventory Program. PBT Chemical Rule. |
| California EPA Proposition 65 | California EPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). 9/2008. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986. Chemicals known to the State to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Minimal risk Levels for Hazardous Substances. January 2004. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls.html, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Frazier , L. and M. L. Hage (eds.). Reproductive Hazards of the Workplace, Wiley Europe, 1998. Table 10 (Partial List of Reproductive Toxicants) available at http://www.pharmacy.ohio-state.edu/homepage/safety/chemhygiene_table_repro.pdf., Jankovic, J. A Screening Method for Occupational Reproductive Health Risk. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 57: 641-649. 1996. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996., California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part III: Technical Support Document 'Determination of Noncancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels'. Includes all Chronic Reference Exposure Levels (CRELs) adopted by OEHHA as of August 2003 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/AllChrels.html, plus draft CRELS proposed through March 2004 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/index.html., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens (July 2004) can be obtained from http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html. |
| Silent Spring's Mammary Carcinogens Reviews Database | Rudel RA, KR Attfield, JN Schifano and JG Brody. Chemicals Causing Mammary Gland Tumors in Animals Signal New Directions for Epidemiology, Chemicals Testing, and Risk Assessment for Breast Cancer Prevention. CANCER Supplement. 2007 Jun 15;109(12):2635-2666. |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 |
| RTECS®- "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J 1986 | RTECS®- "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J., Prague, Czechoslovakia, Avicenum, 1986 -,88,1986 |
| RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1994 | RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London). (Oxford Univ. Press, Pinkhill House, Southfield Road, Eynsham, Oxford OX8 1JJ, UK) V.1- 15,991,1994 |
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