National Drinking Water Database

• Read the Research
• Get a Water Filter
• Tips for Safe Water
• FAQs
• EWG Needs Your Help. As little as $5 can help.

National Drinking Water Database - Chemical Contaminants

Di(2-Ethylhexyl) adipate

Status: Regulated - EPA has established a maximum legal limit in tapwater for this contaminant.

Di(2-Ethylhexyl) adipate is a placticizer and solvent released as a pollutant from industrial chemical factories, sewage treatment facilities and iron foundries. [read more]

Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate is a widely-used plasticizer in flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products, such as food packaging wraps. It is also used as a solvent, as a hydraulic fluid and in aircraft lubricants. Drinking water contamination with this pollutant is primarily due to discharge from chemical factories and iron foundries. Long-term exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate may lead to the following adverse health effects: "weight loss, liver problems, or possible reproductive difficulties" (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) 2009b, 2009f) Since adipates are known to leach from plumbing made of PVC plastic, they have been recognized as a potential drinking water contaminant. Adipate is also released in fly ash from municipal waste incineration, and wastewater effluent from sewage treatment plants and chemical manufacturing plants (USEPA 2009d). The maximum contaminant level (MCL) for di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate has been set at 0.4 parts per million (ppm) by EPA (USEPA 2009b).

	Detected	Found above health guidelines	Found above legal limit
States	24	2	-
Water utilities	215	2	-
People Served	4,927,752	3,640	-

Health Concerns for Di(2-Ethylhexyl) adipate:

• Cancer
• Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
• Endocrine disruption
• Developmental/reproductive toxicity
• Biochemical or cellular level changes
• Ecotoxicology
• Persistence and bioaccumulation

Di(2-Ethylhexyl) adipate Exposure by State

Water utilities in 24 states have reported detecting Di(2-Ethylhexyl) adipate in treated tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies.

State	Water Suppliers with Di(2-Ethylhexyl) adipate contamination		Water suppliers reporting Di(2-Ethylhexyl) adipate above health-based limits
	Systems	Population	Systems	Population
Maine	7	164,080	1	2,840
New Mexico	12	132,009	1	800
Maryland	5	1,929,851	0	0
Florida	15	1,259,373	0	0
North Carolina	80	486,421	0	0
Utah	2	312,700	0	0
Delaware	2	201,369	0	0
Massachusetts	2	127,500	0	0
Kentucky	3	87,052	0	0
Texas	5	53,652	0	0
Iowa	27	41,908	0	0
California	2	26,815	0	0
Indiana	4	25,429	0	0
Nebraska	2	23,240	0	0
Rhode Island	1	21,900	0	0
Illinois	4	10,440	0	0
Connecticut	17	10,199	0	0
Arkansas	4	4,785	0	0
New York	2	3,900	0	0
Wisconsin	12	3,827	0	0
New Hampshire	3	860	0	0
Virginia	1	187	0	0
Montana	2	165	0	0
Idaho	1	90	0	0
Total	215	4,927,752	2	3,640

The Most Polluted Communities

215 water utilities reported detecting Di(2-Ethylhexyl) adipate in tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies

Ranked by highest average Di(2-Ethylhexyl) adipate level

Rank	System	Population Served	Positive test results of total reported tests	Average Level (Range)
1	Mora Mdwca Mora, NM	800	1 of 2	41.25 ppb (0 to 82.5 ppb)
2	Rio EN Medio Mdwca Tesuque, NM	130	1 of 3	9.87 ppb (0 to 29.6 ppb)
3	LA Cienega Lakeside Mhp Santa Fe, NM	60	1 of 2	9.6 ppb (0 to 19.2 ppb)
4	Tesuque Mdwca Tesuque, NM	370	1 of 2	9.6 ppb (0 to 19.2 ppb)
5	Loring Utilities Limestone, ME	1,409	1 of 3	7.33 ppb (0 to 22 ppb)
6	Stockdale Ranchos Mutual Water Co Bakersfield, CA	300	1 of 1	5.7 ppb (5.7 ppb)
7	Eagle Chateau Apts Kenosha, WI	125	1 of 1	4.8 ppb (4.8 ppb)
8	Madawaska Water District Madawaska, ME	2,840	1 of 9	3.78 ppb (0 to 34 ppb)
9	Hog Creek Wsc Valley Mills, TX	657	1 of 1	3.6 ppb (3.6 ppb)
10	Mountain View Park Estates Columbia, NH	45	1 of 3	2.9 ppb (0 to 8.7 ppb)

Health Based Limits for Di(2-Ethylhexyl) adipate

Standard	Description	Level
One in one million (10-6) Cancer Risk	The concentration of a chemical in drinking water corresponding to an excess estimated lifetime cancer risk of 1 in 1,000,000. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.	30 ppb
California Public Health Goals	Defined by the State of California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) as the level of contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. For acutely toxic substances, levels are set at which scientific evidence indicates that no known or anticipated adverse effects on health will occur, plus an adequate margin-of safety. PHGs for carcinogens or other substances which can cause chronic disease shall be based solely on health effects without regard to cost impacts and shall be set at levels which OEHHA has determined do not pose any significant risk to health.	200 ppb
Maximum Contaminant Limit (MCL)	The enforceable standard which defines the highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to health-based limits (Maximum Contaminant Level Goals, or MCLGs) as feasible using the best available analytical and treatment technologies and taking cost into consideration. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.	400 ppb
Maximum Contaminant Limit Goal (MCLG)	A non-enforceable health goal that is set at a level at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons occurs and which allows an adequate margin of safety. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.	400 ppb
Lifetime health-based limit, non-cancer risk	Concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects for a lifetime of exposure. The Lifetime health-based limit (or Health Advisory, HA) is based on exposure for a a 70-kg adult consuming 2 liters of water per day. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.	400 ppb
One in ten thousand (10-4) Cancer Risk	The concentration of a chemical in drinking water corresponding to an excess estimated lifetime cancer risk of 1 in 10,000. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.	3000 ppb
Children's health-based limit for 1-day exposure	Concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects for up to one day of exposure. The One-Day health-based limit (or Health Advisory, HA) is typically set to protect a 10-kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.	20000 ppb
Children's health-based limit for 10-day exposure	Concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse, noncarcinogenic effects for up to ten days of exposure. The Ten-Day health-based limit (or Health Advisory, HA) is typically set to protect a 10-kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.	20000 ppb
Drinking Water Equivalent Level	A lifetime exposure concentration protective of adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects, that assumes all of the exposure to a contaminant is from drinking water. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.	20000 ppb

Testing Summary for Di(2-Ethylhexyl) adipate

Are tests routinely required for Di(2-Ethylhexyl) adipate by federal law?	Yes
Water suppliers reporting tests for Di(2-Ethylhexyl) adipate (2004-2009):	18,324 of 47,576
Average testing rate for water supplier reporting tests (2004-2009):	0.5 per year

Violation Summary for Di(2-Ethylhexyl) adipate

Data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency includes the following violations of federal standards for Di(2-Ethylhexyl) adipate since 2004

Maximum Contaminant Level Exceedance Violations	0
Monitoring Violations	1,866
Reporting Violations	0

Cancer

Type of concern:	Reference:
Limited evidence of carcinogenicity	EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results	RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1987
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results	RTECS®- Mutation Research 1995
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results	RTECS®- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1975
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results	RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1987
One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results	RTECS®- Mutation Research 1991
One or more animal studies show tumor formation at high doses	RTECS®- National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series 1981
One or more animal studies show tumor formation at high doses	RTECS®- EHP, Environmental Health Perspectives 1986
One or more animal studies show tumor formation at high doses	RTECS®- National Technical Information Service 5927
Cancer - not classifiable/not likely to be human carcinogen	Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens

Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)

Type of concern:	Reference:
Classified as a high human health priority	Environment Canada Domestic Substance List
Classified as expected to be toxic or harmful	Environment Canada Domestic Substance List
One or more animal studies show classified as toxic effects at low doses	EPA Categorized List of Inert Pesticide Ingredients
One or more animal studies show classified as toxic effects at moderate doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient)	EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs
One or more animal studies show blood effects at high doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient)	RTECS®- Toxicology Letters 1982
One or more animal studies show liver effects at high doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient)	RTECS®- Toxicology 1997
One or more animal studies show metabolic effects at high doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient)	RTECS®- Toxicology 1997
One or more animal studies show liver effects at high doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient)	RTECS®- Beratergremium fuer umweltrelevante Altstoffe (BUA 1997
One or more animal studies show liver effects at high doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient)	RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology 1988
One or more animal studies show metabolic effects at high doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient)	RTECS®- Reproductive Toxicology 2003
One or more animal studies show liver effects at high doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient)	RTECS®- Reproductive Toxicology 2006
One or more animal studies show metabolic effects at high doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient)	RTECS®- Reproductive Toxicology 2006

Endocrine disruption

Type of concern:	Reference:
Limited evidence of endocrine disruption	Japanese National Institute of Health Sciences
endocrine - weight of evidence unknown/unassessed/unreview: published lit review or major tox study	Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System

Developmental/reproductive toxicity

Type of concern:	Reference:
One or more animal studies show reproductive effects at high doses	RTECS®- Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 1973
One or more animal studies show reproductive effects at high doses	RTECS®- Reproductive Toxicology 2003

Biochemical or cellular level changes

Type of concern:	Reference:
One or more animal studies show biochemical changes at high doses where the human health implications are not yet well understood	RTECS®- Toxicology 1997
One or more animal studies show biochemical changes at high doses where the human health implications are not yet well understood	RTECS®- Beratergremium fuer umweltrelevante Altstoffe (BUA 1997
One or more animal studies show biochemical changes at high doses where the human health implications are not yet well understood	RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology 1988

Ecotoxicology

Type of concern:	Reference:
Wildlife and environmental toxicity	Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System
Suspected to be an environmental toxin	Environment Canada Domestic Substance List

Persistence and bioaccumulation

Type of concern:	Reference:
Not suspected to be persistent	Environment Canada Domestic Substance List
Not suspected to be bioaccumulative	Environment Canada Domestic Substance List

Government, industry, academic studies and classifications

government/industry list/academic study	appears on list as	classification(s)
Cosmetic Ingredient Review Assessments	DIETHYLHEXYL ADIPATE	•Safe as used in cosmetics according to industry panel (Cosmetic Ingredient Review, CIR) •Maximum reported "as used" concentration is basis of safety assessment by industry safety panel (Cosmetic Ingredient Review, CIR) - implicit safe concentration limit in product
Cosmetic Ingredient Review Assessments	DIOCTYL ADIPATE	•Safe as used in cosmetics according to industry panel (Cosmetic Ingredient Review, CIR) •Maximum reported "as used" concentration is basis of safety assessment by industry safety panel (Cosmetic Ingredient Review, CIR) - implicit safe concentration limit in product
Environment Canada Domestic Substance List	HEXANEDIOIC ACID, BIS(2-ETHYLHEXYL) ESTER	•This chemical was deemed a high human health priority and was flagged by CEPA for further attention. The chemical is suspected to be carcinogenic and suspected of aquatic toxicity.
Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System	DI(2-ETHYLHEXYL)ADIPATE	•EPA: suspected endocrine disruptor
EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)	DI(2-ETHYLHEXYL)ADIPATE	•Group C: Possible human carcinogen (EPA classification)
European Commission on Endocrine Disruption	BIS(2-ETHYLHEXYL)ADIPATE	HH-CAT3b;WF-CAT3b
IFRA Fragrance Ingredient List	DI-(2-ETHYLHEXYL) ADIPATE	•The chemical has been reported as used in fragrance compounds by IFRA affiliated member companies in 2008.
Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens	DI(2-ETHYLHEXYL) ADIPATE	•IARC Group 3 (no cancer link)
EPA Categorized List of Inert Pesticide Ingredients	ADIPIC ACID, BIS(2-ETHYLHEXYL) ESTER	•Pesticide inerts of toxicological concern according to EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs	BIS(2ETHYLHEXYL) ESTERHEXANEDIOIC ACID	•Toxic, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxics Release Inventory programs
Japanese National Institute of Health Sciences	BIS(2-ETHYLHEXYL) ADIPATE	•Endocrine toxicity hazards: suspected
RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology 1988	DIETHYLHEXYL ADIPATE	• biochemical - Lipids, including transport (rat TDLo) • liver - Other changes (rat TDLo)
RTECS®- Beratergremium fuer umweltrelevante Altstoffe (BUA 1997	DIETHYLHEXYL ADIPATE	• liver - Changes in liver weight (mouse TDLo) • biochemical - Lipids, including transport (mouse TDLo) • liver - Liver function tests impaired (mouse TDLo)
RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1987	DIETHYLHEXYL ADIPATE	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (rat orl)
RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1987	DIETHYLHEXYL ADIPATE	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (rat orl)
RTECS®- EHP, Environmental Health Perspectives 1986	DIETHYLHEXYL ADIPATE	• cancer - liver tumors (mouse TD)
RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1987	DIETHYLHEXYL ADIPATE	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (hamster ovr)
RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1987	DIETHYLHEXYL ADIPATE	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (hamster ovr)
RTECS®- Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 1973	DIETHYLHEXYL ADIPATE	• reproductive - Fetotoxicity (rat TDLo) • reproductive - Other developmental abnormalities (rat TDLo)
RTECS®- Mutation Research 1991	DIETHYLHEXYL ADIPATE	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Phage Inhibition Capacity (Escherichia coli )
RTECS®- Mutation Research 1995	DIETHYLHEXYL ADIPATE	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems (mouse orl)
RTECS®- Mutation Research 1991	DIETHYLHEXYL ADIPATE	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Phage Inhibition Capacity (Escherichia coli )
RTECS®- Mutation Research 1995	DIETHYLHEXYL ADIPATE	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems (mouse orl)
RTECS®- National Technical Information Service 5927	DIETHYLHEXYL ADIPATE	• cancer - liver tumors (mouse TDLo)
RTECS®- National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series 1981	DIETHYLHEXYL ADIPATE	• cancer - liver tumors (mouse TDLo)
RTECS®- Reproductive Toxicology 2003	DIETHYLHEXYL ADIPATE	• reproductive - Growth statistics (rat TDLo) • reproductive - Hepatobiliary system (rat TDLo) • reproductive - Parturition (rat TDLo) • reproductive - Post-implantation mortality (rat TDLo) • reproductive - Viability index (rat TDLo) • metabolic - Weight loss or decreased weight gain (rat TDLo)
RTECS®- Reproductive Toxicology 2006	DIETHYLHEXYL ADIPATE	• metabolic - Weight loss or decreased weight gain (rat TDLo) • liver - Changes in liver weight (rat TDLo)
RTECS®- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1975	DIETHYLHEXYL ADIPATE	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Dominant Lethal Strain (mouse ipr)
RTECS®- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1975	DIETHYLHEXYL ADIPATE	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Dominant Lethal Strain (mouse ipr)
RTECS®- Toxicology Letters 1982	DIETHYLHEXYL ADIPATE	• blood - Changes in serum composition (eg., TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) (rat TDLo)
RTECS®- Toxicology 1997	DIETHYLHEXYL ADIPATE	• metabolic - Weight loss or decreased weight gain (rat TDLo) • liver - Changes in liver weight (rat TDLo) • biochemical - Hepatic microsomal mixed oxidase (dealkylation, hydroxylation, etc.) (rat TDLo) • liver - Other changes (mouse TDLo)

references

government/industry list/academic study	reference
Cosmetic Ingredient Review Assessments	CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review). 2006. CIR Compendium, containing abstracts, discussions, and conclusions of CIR cosmetic ingredient safety assessments. Washington DC.
Environment Canada Domestic Substance List	EC (Environment Canada). 2008. Domestic Substances List Categorization. Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) Environmental Registry.
Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System	Illinois EPA (Illinois Environmental Protection Agency). 2000. Preliminary list of chemicals associated with endocrine system effects in animals and humans (*) or in vitro (+). In EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 2000. Handbook for Non-Cancer Health Effects Valuation, Appendix C.
EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)	EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2008. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Evidence for human carcinogenicity based on 1986-2005 guidelines.
European Commission on Endocrine Disruption	EU (European Union)- Strategy for Endocrine Disrupters 2007. Commision on endocrin disruption requested by the European Parliament in 1998.
IFRA Fragrance Ingredient List	IFRA (International Fragrance Assocication). 2010. IFRA Fragrance Ingredient List based on 2008 Use Survey. Accessed online 01/04/2010: http://www.ifraorg.org/Home/News/Latest-News/page.aspx/66?xf_itemId=43&xf_selectionDatapartId=25
Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens	IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2008. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, as evaluated in IARC Monographs Volumes 1-99 (a total of 935 agents, mixtures and exposures).
EPA Categorized List of Inert Pesticide Ingredients	EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1987 & 2005. Office of Pesticide Programs. Inert (other) Pesticide Ingredients in Pesticide Products - Categorized List of Inert (other) Pesticide Ingredients.
EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs	EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1999. Toxics Release Inventory Program. PBT Chemical Rule.
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	Japanese National Institute of Health Sciences. Lists of Paradigmatic Chemicals. http://www.nihs.go.jp/hse/endocrine-e/paradigm/paradigm.html
RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology 1988	RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology. (Springer-Verlag, Heidelberger Pl. 3, D-1000 Berlin 33, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.32- 1974- Suppl.12,274,1988
RTECS®- Beratergremium fuer umweltrelevante Altstoffe (BUA 1997	RTECS®- Beratergremium fuer umweltrelevante Altstoffe (BUA. Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker. Weinheim ; New York : VCH) 1992- -,153,1997
RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1987	RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London). (Oxford Univ. Press, Pinkhill House, Southfield Road, Eynsham, Oxford OX8 1JJ, UK) V.1- 1980- 8,1433,1987
RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1987	RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London). (Oxford Univ. Press, Pinkhill House, Southfield Road, Eynsham, Oxford OX8 1JJ, UK) V.1- 8,1433,1987
RTECS®- EHP, Environmental Health Perspectives 1986	RTECS®- EHP, Environmental Health Perspectives. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) No.1- 1972- 65,271,1986
RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1987	RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.10- 1987- 10(Suppl 10),1,1987
RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1987	RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.10- 10(Suppl 10),1,1987
RTECS®- Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 1973	RTECS®- Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. (American Pharmaceutical Assoc., 2215 Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20037) V.50- 1961- 62,1596,1973
RTECS®- Mutation Research 1991	RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 260,349,1991
RTECS®- Mutation Research 1995	RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 343,157,1995
RTECS®- Mutation Research 1991	RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- -1964 260,349,1991
RTECS®- Mutation Research 1995	RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- -1964 343,157,1995
RTECS®- National Technical Information Service 5927	RTECS®- National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information. PB82-185927
RTECS®- National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series 1981	RTECS®- National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series. (Research Triangle Park, NC 27709) No.206- NTP-TR-212,1981
RTECS®- Reproductive Toxicology 2003	RTECS®- Reproductive Toxicology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.1- 1987- 17,163,2003
RTECS®- Reproductive Toxicology 2006	RTECS®- Reproductive Toxicology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.1- 1987- 21,253,2006
RTECS®- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1975	RTECS®- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959- 32,566,1975
RTECS®- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1975	RTECS®- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 32,566,1975
RTECS®- Toxicology Letters 1982	RTECS®- Toxicology Letters. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1977- 10,379,1982
RTECS®- Toxicology 1997	RTECS®- Toxicology. (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland, Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1973- 123,217,1997

"RTECS®" is a United States trademark owned and licensed under authority of the U.S. Government, by and through MDL Information Systems, Inc.