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National Drinking Water Database

National Drinking Water Database - Chemical Contaminants

Copper

Status: For this chemical EPA has established a non-enforceable guideline called a "secondary standard," regulating it for aesthetic or cosmetic concerns (taste, odor, tooth discoloration, etc.)

Copper is a naturally occuring metal and drinking water contaminant that enters tap water by corrosion of household plumbing systems and erosion of natural deposits. [read more]

Copper

Copper is a reddish metal found in rock, soil, water, and at low levels in air. Copper is a required nutrient at low levels in people, but toxic effects can occur at higher doses. Copper is mined and processed to make wire, sheet metal, pipe and other metal products such as pennies. Copper is also used in agriculture to treat mildew in plants and as a preservative for wood, leather and fabric (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 2004a). Copper in the form of its salt, copper sulfate, is sometimes added to surface water for the control of algae, which may lead to drinking water contamination with copper (WHO 2004a).

During the year 2002, 345,120,802 pounds of copper and copper compounds were released into the environment, according to U.S. EPA's Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) report released in 2004. Industries releasing over nine million pounds during the year included solvent recovery, electric utilities, metal mining and primary metals industries. Copper release was geographically concentrated in the southwestern United States, with 15 states experiencing releases of over two million pounds (CA, NV, AZ, NM, TX, AL, GA, FL, MO, WI, IL, IN, OH, PA, AK) (US EPA 2009i).

People are exposed to copper by breathing air, drinking water, eating food and absorbing it through the skin. High levels of copper in drinking water may result from the leaching of copper from brass or copper pipes. Copper levels can be especially high if water sits in the pipes overnight, but letting water run for 15-30 seconds before the first use of the day will decrease levels. High levels of copper in drinking water (six mg/L or parts per million) can lead to diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting (Araya 2001, 2003; Pizarro 2001).

Some but not all studies have found an association between high blood levels of copper and increased risk of heart disease (Ford 2000; Reunanen 1996; Salonen 1991). One study found that Americans with the highest blood levels of copper were almost three times more likely to have heart disease than people with the lowest blood levels (Ford 2000). Long-term effects of excess copper exposure include neurotoxicity and liver and kidney failure (ATSDR 2004a).

People with Wilson's disease, a genetic disorder that leads to high levels of copper in several organs (liver, kidney and brain), should be especially careful to avoid excess copper exposure. In these people, high copper levels can cause brain damage, cirrhosis of the liver, movement disorders, weight loss and death if not treated (ATSDR 2004a). A liver disease called Indian Childhood Cirrhosis (ICC), which affects children living in rural India, has been linked to high copper intake caused by storing and heating of cow (or buffalo) milk in brass containers. There seems to be a genetic vulnerability in children with ICC that makes them more vulnerable to high copper levels. Children with a related disease, idiopathic copper toxicosis (ICT), are also believed by scientists to be genetically more susceptible to excess copper intake. ICT affects children from all over the world and causes liver damage and death if left untreated (ATSDR 2004a).

In laboratory animals, high levels of copper in drinking water or diet impair immune response, decrease growth in young animals and delay skeletal development (ATSDR 2004a).

	Detected	Found above health guidelines	Found above legal limit
States	40	36	32
Water utilities	20,241	4,100	851
People Served	126,923,867	23,018,057	3,329,879

Health Concerns for Copper:

Developmental/reproductive toxicity
Occupational hazards
Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
Persistence and bioaccumulation
Cancer
Ecotoxicology
Multiple, additive exposure sources
Enhanced skin absorption

Copper Exposure by State

Water utilities in 40 states have reported detecting Copper in treated tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies.

State	Water Suppliers with Copper contamination		Water suppliers reporting Copper above health-based limits
State	Systems	Population	Systems	Population
Illinois	1,449	11,679,659	497	5,968,806
New Jersey	592	8,175,922	157	3,125,469
Washington	1,571	3,922,960	465	2,169,030
Maryland	40	1,739,031	6	1,611,950
Wisconsin	1,720	3,247,051	489	1,439,357
North Carolina	1,652	6,976,495	509	1,396,771
Arizona	484	2,992,649	45	1,275,112
Iowa	1,067	2,596,585	359	710,144
California	562	32,515,938	24	661,318
Nebraska	580	1,407,511	221	592,511
Virginia	795	1,972,661	199	543,412
Connecticut	578	2,692,691	165	527,938
Arkansas	557	2,387,484	118	514,264
Kentucky	375	4,734,450	52	501,733
Delaware	46	513,123	12	321,718
Oklahoma	596	2,939,348	105	311,623
Massachusetts	27	695,291	15	272,538
New Mexico	428	1,416,969	41	175,029
New York	274	10,240,352	59	160,516
Montana	602	514,334	121	152,801
Michigan	170	599,802	43	149,962
North Dakota	321	555,205	152	108,460
Missouri	1,485	3,312,366	66	103,323
Vermont	360	315,508	92	98,165
Alabama	87	1,231,907	4	39,486
Ohio	55	1,933,416	4	35,003
Texas	2,804	10,649,701	11	26,847
Maine	362	614,878	19	9,361
Alaska	53	263,655	8	4,941
Rhode Island	36	32,312	16	4,820
South Carolina	20	375,957	6	2,149
New Hampshire	325	221,771	14	1,481
Indiana	18	34,870	2	1,202
Idaho	12	10,448	2	461
Hawaii	6	206,340	1	281
Nevada	96	2,024,322	1	75
Utah	32	762,662	0	0
Florida	1	416,303	0	0
Oregon	2	1,450	0	0
Wyoming	1	490	0	0
Total	20,241	126,923,867	4,100	23,018,057

The Most Polluted Communities

20,241 water utilities reported detecting Copper in tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies

Ranked by highest average Copper level

Rank	System	Population Served	Positive test results of total reported tests	Average Level (Range)
1	Campbell County East System VA	80	1 of 1	7000 ppb (7000 ppb)
2	Beacon Hill-Lcsa Leesburg, VA	298	1 of 1	7000 ppb (7000 ppb)
3	Hillcrest Subdivision Bedford, VA	130	1 of 1	6900 ppb (6900 ppb)
4	Keswick Estates Keswick, VA	120	1 of 1	6000 ppb (6000 ppb)
5	Holland Subdivision Smithfield, VA	424	1 of 1	6000 ppb (6000 ppb)
6	Little Creek Amphibious Base - U.S. Navy Norfolk, VA	9,782	1 of 1	5000 ppb (5000 ppb)
7	Fort Eustis Fort Eustis, VA	16,900	3 of 3	5000 ppb (5000 ppb)
8	Western Technical College-Sparta Sparta, WI	109	1 of 1	4645 ppb (4645 ppb)
9	Appalachia #1/Wise Co Psa Coeburn, VA	350	3 of 4	3675 ppb (0 to 7000 ppb)
10	Western Virginia Water Authority VA	155,000	3 of 3	3666.67 ppb (3000 to 4000 ppb)

Health Based Limits for Copper

Standard	Description	Level
California Public Health Goals	Defined by the State of California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) as the level of contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. For acutely toxic substances, levels are set at which scientific evidence indicates that no known or anticipated adverse effects on health will occur, plus an adequate margin-of safety. PHGs for carcinogens or other substances which can cause chronic disease shall be based solely on health effects without regard to cost impacts and shall be set at levels which OEHHA has determined do not pose any significant risk to health.	300 ppb
National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations	A National Secondary Drinking Water Regulation is a non-enforceable guideline regarding contaminants that may cause cosmetic effects (such as taste, odor, or color). Some states choose to adopt them as enforceable standards. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.	1000 ppb
Maximum Contaminant Limit Goal (MCLG)	A non-enforceable health goal that is set at a level at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons occurs and which allows an adequate margin of safety. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.	1300 ppb
EPA Human Health Water Quality Criteria	Water quality criteria set by the US EPA provide guidance for states and tribes authorized to establish water quality standards under the Clean Water Act (CWA) to protect human health. These are non-enforceable standards based upon exposure by both drinking water and the contribution of water contamination to other consumed foods. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.	1300 ppb

Testing Summary for Copper

Are tests routinely required for Copper by federal law?	Yes
Water suppliers reporting tests for Copper (2004-2009):	25,531 of 47,576
Average testing rate for water supplier reporting tests (2004-2009):	0.7 per year

Violation Summary for Copper

Data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency includes the following violations of federal standards for Copper since 2004

Maximum Contaminant Level Exceedance Violations	1
Monitoring Violations	81
Reporting Violations	2

Developmental/reproductive toxicity

Type of concern:	Reference:
One or more animal studies show reproductive effects at very low doses	RTECS^®- Gigiena i Sanitariya 1980
One or more animal studies show reproductive effects at very low doses	RTECS^®- Gigiena i Sanitariya 1977
One or more animal studies show reproductive effects at very low doses	RTECS^®- Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 1981
One or more animal studies show reproductive effects at moderate doses	RTECS^®- Gigiena i Sanitariya 1980

Occupational hazards

Type of concern:	Reference:
Allowed workplace exposures restricted to very low doses	RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2005
Allowed workplace exposures restricted to very low doses	RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2007
Allowed workplace exposures restricted to low doses	RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2005
Allowed workplace exposures restricted to low doses	RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2007
Single case study detailing occupational hazards	US EPA, 9204

Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)

Type of concern:	Reference:
One or more animal studies show gastrointestinal effects at very low doses	RTECS^®- Public Health Reports 1958
One or more animal studies show broad systemic effects at very low doses	RTECS^®- "Vrednie chemichescie veshestva 1998
One or more animal studies show gastrointestinal effects at very low doses	RTECS^®- Toxicologist 2003
Classified as expected to be toxic or harmful	Environment Canada Domestic Substance List
Classified as medium human health priority	Environment Canada Domestic Substance List
One or more animal studies show respiratory effects at low doses	RTECS^®- Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland) 2000
Limited evidence of gastrointestinal or liver toxicity	Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004
Limited evidence of respiratory toxicity	Nemery, B, 1990
Limited evidence of kidney toxicity	Merck & Co
Limited evidence of respiratory toxicity	California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, 2000
One or more animal studies show classified as toxic effects at moderate doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient)	EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs
One or more animal studies show liver effects at moderate doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient)	RTECS^®- American Journal of Pathology 1925
One or more animal studies show kidney or renal system effects at moderate doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient)	RTECS^®- American Journal of Pathology 1925
One or more animal studies show respiratory effects at moderate doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient)	RTECS^®- American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 1980
One or more animal studies show cardiovascular effects at high doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient)	RTECS^®- American Journal of Pathology 1925
One or more animal studies show liver effects at high doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient)	RTECS^®- American Journal of Pathology 1925

Persistence and bioaccumulation

Type of concern:	Reference:
Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife	Canada PBTs - Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET)
Not suspected to be bioaccumulative	Environment Canada Domestic Substance List

Cancer

Type of concern:	Reference:
One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results	RTECS^®- American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 1980
Cancer - not classifiable/not likely to be human carcinogen	EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)

Ecotoxicology

Type of concern:	Reference:
Wildlife and environmental toxicity	EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants
Not suspected to be an environmental toxin	Environment Canada Domestic Substance List

Multiple, additive exposure sources

Type of concern:	Reference:
Designated as safe for general or specific, limited use in food	FDA Food Additive Status

Enhanced skin absorption

Type of concern:	Reference:
Suspected nano-scale ingredients with potential to absorb into the skin	Nanomaterial Database

Government, industry, academic studies and classifications

government/industry list/academic study	appears on list as	classification(s)
FDA Food Additive Status	COPPER	• PEST • Food additive: food additive for which a petition has been filed and a regulation issued • Tolerances for residues - 40 Code of Federal Regulations 180.538 • exemption from the requirement of a tolerance-40 Code of Federal Regulations 180.1021
FDA Food Additive Status	COPPER	• Food additive: nutrient • GRAS (generally recognized as safe) - use in food presumed safe based either on a history of use before 1958 or on published scientific evidence; need not be approved by the FDA prior to use in food; most have not limit for use but must conform to good manufacturing practices; some GRAS substances have quantitative limit for use in foods; by definition under Sec 201(s) of FD&C Act, not food additives • As nutritional dietary supplement in animal feed • PEST • Food additive: food additive for which a petition has been filed and a regulation issued • Tolerances for Residues - 40 Code of Federal Regulations 180.136
Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics	COPPER	• o
EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants	COPPER	•Priority water pollutant under the Clean Water Act
Environment Canada Domestic Substance List	COPPER	•This chemical was deemed a moderate human health priority and was flagged by CEPA for further attention. The chemical was flagged for suspected persistence.
EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)	COPPER	•Group D: Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity (EPA classification)
National Library of Medicine HazMap	COPPER	•Hepatotoxin: Hepatotoxin, Secondary; •Methemoglobinemia: Methemoglobinemia, Secondary; •PEL (OSHA) - Permissible exposure limit (OSHA): 0.1 mg/m3, as Cu(fume),1 mg/m3, as Cu(dust,mist); •STEL (ACGIH) - Short-term exposure limits (ACGIH): 0.1 mg/m3., as Cu(fume); •TLV (ACGIH) - Threshold limit value (ACGIH): 0.2 mg/m3, as Cu(fume), 1 mg/m3, as Cu(dust,mist); •Flammability (NFPA) - NFPA flammability code: 0 = will not burn; 1 = must be preheated; 2 = high ambient temp required; 3 = may ignite at ambient temp; 4 = burn readily: 0: will not burn;ID: 100 mg/m3, as Cu(fume,dust,
Nanomaterial Database	COPPER	•potential nano-scale ingredient
Nanomaterial Database	COPPER	•potential nano-scale ingredient
Canada PBTs - Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET)	COPPER COMPOUNDS	•Persistent toxicant under Canada's Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics program - targeted for elimination or reduction
EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs	COPPER	•Toxic, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxics Release Inventory programs
EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs	COPPER COMPOUNDS -- TRI	•Toxic, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxics Release Inventory programs
EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs	COPPER COMPOUNDS	•Toxic, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxics Release Inventory programs
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004	COPPER	•Gastrointestinal or liver toxicity hazards: suspected
US EPA, 9204	COPPER	•Developmental toxicity hazards: suspected
US EPA, 9204	COPPER	•Reproductive toxicity hazards: suspected
A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases, 1996	COPPER	•Cardiovascular or blood toxicity hazards: suspected
Nemery, B, 1990	COPPER	•Respiratory toxicity hazards: suspected
Merck & Co	COPPER COMPOUNDS	•Kidney toxicity hazards: suspected
California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, 2000	COPPER COMPOUNDS	•Respiratory toxicity hazards: suspected
RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2005	COPPER	• occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA)
RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2007	COPPER	• occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA)
RTECS^®- "Vrednie chemichescie veshestva 1998	COPPER	• broad systemic - Broad systemic toxicity (mouse LD50)
RTECS^®- American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 1980	COPPER	• respiratory - Fibrosis, focal (pneumoconiosis) (rat TDLo) • mutagenic - respiratory tumor formations - equivocal (rat TDLo)
RTECS^®- American Journal of Pathology 1925	COPPER	• liver - Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), zonal (rabbit LDLo) • liver - Other changes (rabbit TDLo)
RTECS^®- Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland) 2000	COPPER	• respiratory - Other changes (mouse TDLo)
RTECS^®- Gigiena i Sanitariya 1977	COPPER	• reproductive - Post-implantation mortality (rat TDLo) • reproductive - Pre-implantation mortality (rat TDLo)
RTECS^®- Gigiena i Sanitariya 1980	COPPER	• reproductive - Fetotoxicity (rat TDLo) • reproductive - Musculoskeletal system (rat TDLo)
RTECS^®- Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 1981	COPPER	• reproductive - Female fertility index (rat TDLo) • reproductive - Uterus, cervix, vagina (rat TDLo)
RTECS^®- Public Health Reports 1958	COPPER	• gastrointestinal - Nausea or vomiting ( human TDLo)
RTECS^®- Toxicologist 2003	COPPER	• gastrointestinal - Hypermotility, diarrhea ( human TDLo) • gastrointestinal - Nausea or vomiting ( human TDLo)

references

government/industry list/academic study	reference
FDA Food Additive Status	FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) 2006. Food Additive Status List. Downloaded from http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/opa-appa.html, Oct 16, 2006.
Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics	AOEC (Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics). 2009. AEOC exposures codes and asthmagen designation.
EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants
Environment Canada Domestic Substance List	EC (Environment Canada). 2008. Domestic Substances List Categorization. Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) Environmental Registry.
EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)	EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2008. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Evidence for human carcinogenicity based on 1986-2005 guidelines.
National Library of Medicine HazMap	NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents.
Nanomaterial Database	NanoWerk. 2007. Nanomaterial Database. Available online: http://www.nanowerk.com/phpscripts/n_dbsearch.php
Canada PBTs - Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET)	EC (Environment Canada). 1994. Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET). ARET substance list of persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals.
EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs	EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1999. Toxics Release Inventory Program. PBT Chemical Rule.
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Minimal risk Levels for Hazardous Substances. January 2004. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls.html, Dossing, M. and P. Skinhoj. Occupational Liver Injury. Present State of Knowledge and Future Perspectives. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 56:1-21. 1985. (Table 2: Chemically induced liver injury: morphologic features and examples of confirmed and suspected causative agents)., Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation., Zimmerman, H.J. and J.H. Lewis. Chemical- and Toxin-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 24(4): 1027-1045. 1995. (Table 3: Forms of environmental hepatic injury).
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	US EPA. Roadmaps to Sources of Information on Chemicals Listed in the Emergency Planning Community and Community Right-to-Know Act (Also Known as SARA Title 3), Section 313 Toxic Release Inventory (for Microcomputers). (Report Number EPADFDK92040). 1991. Data file distributed in 2 diskettes by Office of Pollution, Prevention, and Toxics, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. NOTE: Datasource no longer being maintained by EPA; not currently available online.
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	US EPA. Roadmaps to Sources of Information on Chemicals Listed in the Emergency Planning Community and Community Right-to-Know Act (Also Known as SARA Title 3), Section 313 Toxic Release Inventory (for Microcomputers). (Report Number EPADFDK92040). 1991. Data file distributed in 2 diskettes by Office of Pollution, Prevention, and Toxics, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. NOTE: Datasource no longer being maintained by EPA; not currently available online., Frazier , L. and M. L. Hage (eds.). Reproductive Hazards of the Workplace, Wiley Europe, 1998. Table 10 (Partial List of Reproductive Toxicants) available at http://www.pharmacy.ohio-state.edu/homepage/safety/chemhygiene_table_repro.pdf.
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996.
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	Nemery, B. Metal Toxicity and the Respiratory Tract. European Respiratory Journal. 3(2): 202-219. 1990.(Table 1: Summary of pulmonary toxicity of metals)., California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Acute Reference Exposure Levels (RELs), Averaging Times, and Toxicologic Endpoints. Includes all Acute Reference Exposure Levels (ARELs) developed by OEHHA through May 2000http://www.oehha.org/air/acute_rels/allAcRELs.html, California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part III: Technical Support Document 'Determination of Noncancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels'. Includes all Chronic Reference Exposure Levels (CRELs) adopted by OEHHA as of August 2003 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/AllChrels.html, plus draft CRELS proposed through March 2004 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/index.html.
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	Merck & Co. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. TABLE 226-1. Common Nephrotoxic Agents http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/tables/226tb1.htm
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Acute Reference Exposure Levels (RELs), Averaging Times, and Toxicologic Endpoints. Includes all Acute Reference Exposure Levels (ARELs) developed by OEHHA through May 2000http://www.oehha.org/air/acute_rels/allAcRELs.html, California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part III: Technical Support Document
RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2005	RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2005
RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2007	RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2007
RTECS^®- "Vrednie chemichescie veshestva 1998	RTECS^®- "Vrednie chemichescie veshestva. Neorganicheskie soedinenia elementov I-IV groopp" (Hazardous substances. Inornanic substances containing I-IV group elements), Filov V.A., Chimia, 1988. -,67,1998
RTECS^®- American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 1980	RTECS^®- American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. (AIHA, 475 Wolf Ledges Pkwy., Akron, OH 44311) V.19- 1958- 41,836,1980
RTECS^®- American Journal of Pathology 1925	RTECS^®- American Journal of Pathology. (Lippincott/Harper, Journal Fulfillment Dept., 2350 Virginia Ave., Hagerstown, MD 21740) V.1- 1925- 1,117,1925
RTECS^®- Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland) 2000	RTECS^®- Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland). (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1975- 159,57,2000
RTECS^®- Gigiena i Sanitariya 1977	RTECS^®- Gigiena i Sanitariya. For English translation, see HYSAAV. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1- 1936- 42(8),30,1977
RTECS^®- Gigiena i Sanitariya 1980	RTECS^®- Gigiena i Sanitariya. For English translation, see HYSAAV. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1- 1936- 45(3),8,1980
RTECS^®- Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 1981	RTECS^®- Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. (Publications & Information Directorate, CSIR, Hillside Rd., New Delhi 110 012, India) V.1- 1963- 19,1124,1981
RTECS^®- Public Health Reports 1958	RTECS^®- Public Health Reports. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) V.1- 1878- 73,910,1958
RTECS^®- Toxicologist 2003	RTECS^®- Toxicologist. (Soc. of Toxicology, Inc., 475 Wolf Ledge Parkway, Akron, OH 44311) V.1- -1981 72,29,2003

"RTECS®" is a United States trademark owned and licensed under authority of the U.S. Government, by and through MDL Information Systems, Inc.

National Drinking Water Database

Copper

Copper

Copper Exposure by State

The Most Polluted Communities

Health Based Limits for Copper

Testing Summary for Copper

Violation Summary for Copper

Developmental/reproductive toxicity

Occupational hazards

Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)

Persistence and bioaccumulation

Cancer

Ecotoxicology

Multiple, additive exposure sources

Enhanced skin absorption

Government, industry, academic studies and classifications

references

Health/Toxics

Farming

Natural Resources

Energy Choices