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National Drinking Water Database


National Drinking Water Database - Chemical Contaminants

Chloroform


Status: Regulated - EPA has established a maximum legal limit in tapwater for this contaminant.

Chloroform is a disinfection byproduct from the trihalomethane (THM) family, and is formed when chlorine, chloramines or other disinfectants react with organic and inorganic matter in water. [read more]

 
Detected
Found above
health guidelines
Found above
legal limit
States
41
41
33
Water utilities
17,972
9,312
1,455
People Served
191,326,649
157,153,669
9,045,096

Health Concerns for Chloroform:


Chloroform Exposure by State

Water utilities in 41 states have reported detecting Chloroform in treated tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies.

StateWater Suppliers with Chloroform contaminationWater suppliers reporting Chloroform above health-based limits
SystemsPopulationSystemsPopulation
California75843,130,35640236,048,313
Texas2,45817,938,7341,38914,972,214
New York1,61215,781,99881714,134,699
Illinois1,39112,493,88287211,399,380
Florida79911,690,1854169,372,600
Ohio8609,709,7014978,630,789
New Jersey4868,462,0952106,809,615
North Carolina1,3107,041,9927736,640,829
Virginia7046,273,3073795,602,209
Massachusetts2406,610,3141164,978,618
Maryland3605,097,5091474,792,226
Michigan4664,804,7452303,998,801
Washington7004,295,0752713,350,927
Missouri6943,732,6574033,050,059
Utah1723,370,794792,936,531
Alabama1493,272,623702,679,209
Minnesota6943,982,4742982,586,570
Arkansas6642,873,3614142,404,685
Indiana2363,147,311882,046,475
Iowa7732,444,7104041,673,638
Arizona1102,730,798411,616,013
Wisconsin5843,527,3841611,241,978
Nebraska1341,095,98942873,586
Rhode Island38845,30720764,957
Delaware139834,85263669,248
Oklahoma1471,0001471,000
Alaska198511,553130464,190
New Hampshire264599,25746429,045
Montana183545,53199406,375
Maine155589,99988395,949
New Mexico2071,248,83268283,666
Nevada31347,57612259,817
North Dakota115245,677115245,677
Oregon15242,31012224,850
Vermont207285,321109224,004
Idaho32327,51913209,124
Hawaii22207,4459100,012
South Carolina7442,951492,266
Connecticut142,000142,000
Colorado129,500129,500
Wyoming22,02522,025
Total17,972191,326,6499,312157,153,669

The Most Polluted Communities

17,972 water utilities reported detecting Chloroform in tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies

Ranked by highest average Chloroform level

RankSystem Population Served Positive test results of total reported tests Average Level
(Range)
1Lee Cypress Co-Op
Copeland, FL		2501 of 1240 ppb
(240 ppb)
2Everglades City
Everglades City, FL		2,5001 of 1210 ppb
(210 ppb)
3Lakewood Water System
Lufkin, TX		1104 of 4204.75 ppb
(182 to 240 ppb)
4Spanish Lakes Country Club Village
Fort Pierce, FL		2,3312 of 2190 ppb
(140 to 240 ppb)
5Hidden Acres Estates
Lorida, FL		1462 of 2189.7 ppb
(169.4 to 210 ppb)
6Golovin Community Water System
Golovin, AK		1504 of 4185.75 ppb
(141 to 233 ppb)
7Cypress Bay Mhp
Fort Pierce, FL		871 of 1170 ppb
(170 ppb)
8Country Cove Mobile Home Park
Fort Pierce, FL		1971 of 1160 ppb
(160 ppb)
9Eldorado Estates
New Smyrna Beach, FL		2922 of 2155 ppb
(120 to 190 ppb)
10Amsterdam (T)
Amsterdam, NY		30018 of 18151.22 ppb
(100 to 204 ppb)

Health Based Limits for Chloroform

StandardDescriptionLevel
EPA Human Health Water Quality CriteriaWater quality criteria set by the US EPA provide guidance for states and tribes authorized to establish water quality standards under the Clean Water Act (CWA) to protect human health. These are non-enforceable standards based upon exposure by both drinking water and the contribution of water contamination to other consumed foods. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.5.7 ppb
Drinking Water Equivalent LevelA lifetime exposure concentration protective of adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects, that assumes all of the exposure to a contaminant is from drinking water. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.35 ppb
Maximum Contaminant Limit Goal (MCLG)A non-enforceable health goal that is set at a level at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons occurs and which allows an adequate margin of safety. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.70 ppb
Lifetime health-based limit, non-cancer riskConcentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects for a lifetime of exposure. The Lifetime health-based limit (or Health Advisory, HA) is based on exposure for a a 70-kg adult consuming 2 liters of water per day. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.70 ppb
Maximum Contaminant Limit (MCL)The enforceable standard which defines the highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to health-based limits (Maximum Contaminant Level Goals, or MCLGs) as feasible using the best available analytical and treatment technologies and taking cost into consideration. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.80 ppb
Children's health-based limit for 1-day exposureConcentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects for up to one day of exposure. The One-Day health-based limit (or Health Advisory, HA) is typically set to protect a 10-kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.4000 ppb
Children's health-based limit for 10-day exposureConcentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse, noncarcinogenic effects for up to ten days of exposure. The Ten-Day health-based limit (or Health Advisory, HA) is typically set to protect a 10-kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.4000 ppb

Testing Summary for Chloroform

Are tests routinely required for Chloroform by federal law?Yes
Water suppliers reporting tests for Chloroform (2004-2009):32,172 of 47,576
Average testing rate for water supplier reporting tests (2004-2009):0.9 per year

Violation Summary for Chloroform

Data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency includes the following violations of federal standards for Chloroform since 2004

Maximum Contaminant Level Exceedance Violations0
Monitoring Violations157
Reporting Violations0

Cancer

Type of concern: Reference:
Possible human carcinogen EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
Possible human carcinogen NTP Report on Carcinogens, 11th Edition
Possible human carcinogen California EPA Proposition 65
Limited evidence of carcinogenicity European Union - Classification & Labelling
Limited evidence of carcinogenicity Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens
Limited evidence of carcinogenicity Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens
Limited evidence of carcinogenicity NIOSH Occupational Carcinogens
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1992
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results RTECS®- Environmental Research 1983
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results RTECS®- Mutation Research 1998
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results RTECS®- Mutation Research 1994
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results RTECS®- Mutation Research 1990
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results RTECS®- Mutation Research 1993
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1988
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results RTECS®- Toxicology Letters 1984
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results RTECS®- Igaku No Ayumi 1982
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results RTECS®- Anesthesiology 1981
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results RTECS®- Progress in Mutation Research 1981
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results RTECS®- Anesthesiology 1975
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results RTECS®- Shigaku 1987
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results RTECS®- Mutation Research 1987
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results RTECS®- Basic Life Sciences 1986
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results RTECS®- Toxicology Letters 1982
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 2000
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results RTECS®- Toxicologist 2003
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results RTECS®- Mutation Research 2003
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results RTECS®- Toxicology 2003
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results RTECS®- Mutation Research 2006
One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results RTECS®- Progress in Mutation Research 1981
One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results RTECS®- Mutation Research 1998
One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 2004
One or more animal studies show tumor formation at high doses RTECS®- Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 1985
One or more animal studies show tumor formation at high doses RTECS®- National Cancer Institute Carcinogenesis Technical Report Series 1976
One or more animal studies show tumor formation at high doses RTECS®- Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1945
One or more animal studies show tumor formation at high doses RTECS®- EHP, Environmental Health Perspectives 1979
One or more animal studies show tumor formation at high doses RTECS®- Voprosy Onkologii 1987
One or more animal studies show tumor formation at high doses RTECS®- Toxicologist 2003
One or more animal studies show tumor formation at high doses RTECS®- Toxicology 2003
One or more in vitro tests on microorganisms show positive mutation results RTECS®- Mutation Research 1983

Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)

Type of concern: Reference:
Known human respiratory toxicant EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants
Classified as expected to be toxic or harmful Environment Canada Domestic Substance List
One or more animal studies show classified as toxic effects at low doses EPA Categorized List of Inert Pesticide Ingredients
One or more animal studies show liver effects at low doses RTECS®- Toxicology 1979
One or more animal studies show sense organ effects at low doses RTECS®- "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J 1986
Classified as toxic or harmful European Union - Classification & Labelling
Limited evidence of gastrointestinal or liver toxicity National Library of Medicine HazMap
Limited evidence of gastrointestinal or liver toxicity Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004
Limited evidence of kidney toxicity Klaassen, C, 1996
One or more animal studies show classified as toxic effects at moderate doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient) EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs
One or more animal studies show blood effects at high doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient) RTECS®- Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B: Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes 1982
One or more animal studies show liver effects at high doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient) RTECS®- Gigiena i Sanitariya 1983
One or more animal studies show metabolic effects at high doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient) RTECS®- Gigiena i Sanitariya 1983
One or more animal studies show sense organ effects at high doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient) RTECS®- American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 1976
Classified as a low human health priority Environment Canada Domestic Substance List

Multiple, additive exposure sources

Type of concern: Reference:
Used in food or as an additive with limited or no toxicity information available FDA Everything Added to Food

Persistence and bioaccumulation

Type of concern: Reference:
Persistent or bioaccumulative and moderate to high toxicity concern in humans Environment Canada Domestic Substance List
Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife Canada PBTs - Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET)
Not suspected to be bioaccumulative Environment Canada Domestic Substance List

Occupational hazards

Type of concern: Reference:
Allowed workplace exposures restricted to low doses European Union - Classification & Labelling
Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2005
Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006
Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007

Endocrine disruption

Type of concern: Reference:
Limited evidence of endocrine disruption National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, 1993
endocrine - weight of evidence unknown/unassessed/unreview: published lit review or major tox study Our Stolen Future Endocrine Disruptors

Developmental/reproductive toxicity

Type of concern: Reference:
Limited evidence of reproductive toxicity US EPA, 9204
Limited evidence of developmental toxicity US EPA, 9204
One or more animal studies show reproductive effects at high doses RTECS®- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1974
One or more animal studies show reproductive effects at high doses RTECS®- Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B: Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes 1983

Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs)

Type of concern: Reference:
Classified as irritant European Union - Classification & Labelling
One or more animal studies show skin irritation at moderate doses RTECS®- American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 1962
One or more animal studies show skin irritation at moderate doses RTECS®- "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J 1986

Biochemical or cellular level changes

Type of concern: Reference:
One or more animal studies show biochemical changes at low doses where the human health implications are not yet well understood RTECS®- Toxicology 1979
One or more animal studies show biochemical changes at high doses where the human health implications are not yet well understood RTECS®- Gigiena i Sanitariya 1983

Ecotoxicology

Type of concern: Reference:
Wildlife and environmental toxicity EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants
Wildlife and environmental toxicity European Union - Water Framework Directive
Suspected to be an environmental toxin and be persistent or bioaccumulative Environment Canada Domestic Substance List
Suspected to be an environmental toxin Environment Canada Domestic Substance List

Neurotoxicity

Type of concern: Reference:
nervous system - weight of evidence unknown/unassessed/unreview: published lit review or major tox study National Library of Medicine HazMap



Government, industry, academic studies and classifications

government/industry list/academic study appears on list as classification(s)
European Union - Classification & LabellingTRICHLOROMETHANE•Harmful
•Harmful if swallowed
•Irritant (eyes, skin, or lungs)
•Irritating to skin
•Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect
•Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect
Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - CarcinogensCHLOROFORM•Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (ACGIH classification A3)
Association of Occupational and Environmental ClinicsCHLOROFORM• o
U.S. - Ingredients Prohibited and Restricted in Cosmetics by FDA RegulationsCHLOROFORM•Prohibited for use in cosmetics by FDA (US)
Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics IngredientsCHLOROFORM•Prohibited from use in Canadian cosmetics
EPA Clean Water Act - Priority PollutantsCHLOROFORM•Priority water pollutant under the Clean Water Act
FDA Everything Added to FoodCHLOROFORM• There is no reported use of the substance and there is no toxicology information available in PAFA.
Environment Canada Domestic Substance ListMETHANE, TRICHLORO-•This chemical was flagged for further attention by CEPA due to suspected aquatic toxicity and persistence. The chemical was also flagged as a low human health priority.
EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)CHLOROFORMLikely to be carcinogenic to humans [high-exposure conditions]; Not likely [low-exposure conditions]
European Union - Banned or Restricted in CosmeticsCHLOROFORM•Prohibited in EU cosmetics: must not form part of the composition of cosmetic products
European Union - Water Framework DirectiveTRICHLOROMETHANE (CHLOROFORM)•Priority substance in EU water policy
EPA Hazardous Air PollutantsCHLOROFORM•Hazardous air pollutant under Clean Air Act
National Library of Medicine HazMapCHLOROFORM•Hepatotoxin: Hepatotoxin, Secondary;
•Neurotoxin: CNS Solvent Syndrome;
•LC50 - Lethal concentration in 50% of animals tested: 13750 ppm;
•IARC Carcinogen - International Agency for Research on Cancer; classifies chemicals as established (1), probable (2a), or possible (2b) human carcinogens: Possible Carcinogen;
•TLV (ACGIH) - Threshold limit value (ACGIH): 10 ppm;
•Flammability (NFPA) - NFPA flammability code: 0 = will not burn; 1 = must be preheated; 2 = high ambient temp required; 3 = may ignite at ambient temp; 4 = burn readily: 0: will not burn;
•IDLH (NIOSH) - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health: 500 ppm;
•Odor Threshold High - The lowest concentration at which a substance can be detected or recognized using the sense of smell: 276 ppm;
•Odor Threshold Low - The lowest concentration at which a substance can be detected or recognized using the sense of smell: 133 ppm;
•MAK - Maximum Allowable Concentration (Federal Republic of Germany): 0.5 ppm;
Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - CarcinogensCHLOROFORM•IARC Group 2B: possible human carcinogen (International Agency for Research on Carcinogens)
EPA Categorized List of Inert Pesticide IngredientsCHLOROFORM•Pesticide inerts of toxicological concern according to EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
Japan's Standards for CosmeticsCHLOROFORM•Japan - prohibited for use in cosmetics
NIOSH Occupational CarcinogensCHLOROFORM•Potential occupational carcinogen according to NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health)
NTP Report on Carcinogens, 11th EditionCHLOROFORM•Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen (National Toxicology Program classification)
Our Stolen Future Endocrine DisruptorsCHLOROFORM•
Canada PBTs - Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET)TRICHLOROMETHANE•Persistent toxicant under Canada's Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics program - targeted for elimination or reduction
EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTsTRICHLOROMETHANE•Toxic, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxics Release Inventory programs
California EPA Proposition 65CHLOROFORM•Carcinogen: California Proposition 65
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004CHLOROFORM•Gastrointestinal or liver toxicity hazards: suspected
US EPA, 9204CHLOROFORM•Reproductive toxicity hazards: suspected
US EPA, 9204CHLOROFORM•Developmental toxicity hazards: suspected
Klaassen, C, 1996CHLOROFORM•Kidney toxicity hazards: suspected
Klaassen, C, 1996CHLOROFORM•Cardiovascular or blood toxicity hazards: suspected
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, 1993CHLOROFORM•Endocrine toxicity hazards: suspected
RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2005CHLOROFORM• occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA)
RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006CHLOROFORM• occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA)
RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007CHLOROFORM• occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA)
RTECS®- "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J 1986CHLOROFORM• sense organ - Primary eye irritant (rabbit )
• skin - Primary skin irritant (rabbit )
RTECS®- American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 1962CHLOROFORM• skin - Primary skin irritant (rabbit )
RTECS®- American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 1976CHLOROFORM• sense organ - Primary eye irritant (rabbit )
RTECS®- American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 1962CHLOROFORM• skin - Primary skin irritant (rabbit )
RTECS®- American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 1976CHLOROFORM• sense organ - Primary eye irritant (rabbit )
RTECS®- Anesthesiology 1975CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems (hamster fbr)
RTECS®- Anesthesiology 1981CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: sperm (mouse ihl)
RTECS®- Anesthesiology 1975CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems (hamster fbr)
RTECS®- Anesthesiology 1981CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: sperm (mouse ihl)
RTECS®- Basic Life Sciences 1986CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Mammalian Somatic Cells (hamster lng)
RTECS®- Basic Life Sciences 1986CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Mammalian Somatic Cells (hamster lng)
RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1992CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Inhibition ( human hla)
RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1992CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Inhibition ( human hla)
RTECS®- EHP, Environmental Health Perspectives 1979CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - kidney or renal system tumors (rat TD)
• cancer - liver tumors (rat TD)
RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1988CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (mouse lym)
RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 2000CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (mouse fbr)
RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 2004CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (Escherichia coli )
RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1988CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (mouse lym)
RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 2000CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (mouse fbr)
RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 2004CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (Salmonella typhimurium )
RTECS®- Environmental Research 1983CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange ( human lym)
RTECS®- Environmental Research 1983CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange ( human lym)
RTECS®- Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 1985CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - blood neoplasms (rat TD)
• cancer - blood tumors (rat TDLo)
• cancer - endocrine system neoplasms (rat TD)
• cancer - liver tumor formations - equivocal (mouse TD)
RTECS®- Gigiena i Sanitariya 1983CHLOROFORM• metabolic - Weight loss or decreased weight gain (rat TDLo)
• liver - Changes in liver weight (rat TDLo)
• biochemical - Transaminases (rat TDLo)
RTECS®- Igaku No Ayumi 1982CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange (mouse ihl)
RTECS®- Igaku No Ayumi 1982CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange (mouse ihl)
RTECS®- Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B: Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes 1982CHLOROFORM• blood - Changes in other cell count (unspecified) (rat TDLo)
RTECS®- Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B: Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes 1983CHLOROFORM• reproductive - Fetotoxicity (rat TDLo)
RTECS®- Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1945CHLOROFORM• cancer - liver neoplasms (mouse TD)
RTECS®- Mutation Research 1983CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems (grasshopper ihl)
RTECS®- Mutation Research 1987CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sex Chromosome Loss and Nondisjunction (hamster lng)
RTECS®- Mutation Research 1990CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (rat orl)
RTECS®- Mutation Research 1993CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange (rat leu)
RTECS®- Mutation Research 1994CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (rat orl)
RTECS®- Mutation Research 1998CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Gene Conversion and Mitotic Recombination (Saccharomyces cerevisiae )
RTECS®- Mutation Research 1998CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (rat orl)
RTECS®- Mutation Research 2003CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage ( human lng)
RTECS®- Mutation Research 2006CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: (mouse oth)
RTECS®- Mutation Research 1983CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems (grasshopper ihl)
RTECS®- Mutation Research 1987CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sex Chromosome Loss and Nondisjunction (hamster lng)
RTECS®- Mutation Research 1990CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (rat orl)
RTECS®- Mutation Research 1993CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange (rat leu)
RTECS®- Mutation Research 1994CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (rat orl)
RTECS®- Mutation Research 1998CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Gene Conversion and Mitotic Recombination (Saccharomyces cerevisiae )
RTECS®- Mutation Research 1998CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (rat orl)
RTECS®- Mutation Research 2003CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage ( human lng)
RTECS®- Mutation Research 2006CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: (mouse oth)
RTECS®- National Cancer Institute Carcinogenesis Technical Report Series 1976CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - endocrine system neoplasms (rat TD)
• cancer - kidney or renal system neoplasms (rat TD)
• cancer - liver tumors (mouse TDLo)
RTECS®- Progress in Mutation Research 1981CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA repair (Escherichia coli )
RTECS®- Progress in Mutation Research 1981CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (Salmonella typhimurium )
RTECS®- Progress in Mutation Research 1981CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (Schizosaccharomyces pombe )
RTECS®- Progress in Mutation Research 1981CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA repair (Saccharomyces cerevisiae )
RTECS®- Progress in Mutation Research 1981CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (hamster kdy)
RTECS®- Progress in Mutation Research 1981CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA repair (Escherichia coli )
RTECS®- Progress in Mutation Research 1981CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (Salmonella typhimurium )
RTECS®- Progress in Mutation Research 1981CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (Schizosaccharomyces pombe )
RTECS®- Progress in Mutation Research 1981CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA repair (Saccharomyces cerevisiae )
RTECS®- Progress in Mutation Research 1981CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (hamster kdy)
RTECS®- Shigaku 1987CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange (hamster emb)
RTECS®- Shigaku 1987CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange (hamster emb)
RTECS®- Toxicologist 2003CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (mouse mmr)
RTECS®- Toxicologist 2003CHLOROFORM• cancer - liver tumors (rat TDLo)
RTECS®- Toxicologist 2003CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (mouse mmr)
RTECS®- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1974CHLOROFORM• reproductive - Fetotoxicity (rat TDLo)
RTECS®- Toxicology Letters 1982CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Adduct (mammal lym)
RTECS®- Toxicology Letters 1984CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (mouse ipr)
RTECS®- Toxicology Letters 1982CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Adduct (mammal lym)
RTECS®- Toxicology Letters 1984CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (mouse ipr)
RTECS®- Toxicology 1979CHLOROFORM• biochemical - Dehydrogenases (rat TDLo)
• liver - Other changes (rat TDLo)
• biochemical - Other transferases (rat TDLo)
RTECS®- Toxicology 2003CHLOROFORM• cancer - Increased incidence of tumors in susceptible strains (rat TDLo)
• cancer - kidney or renal system neoplasms (rat TDLo)
• cancer - kidney or renal system tumor formations - equivocal (rat TDLo)
RTECS®- Toxicology 2003CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (rat lvr)
RTECS®- Toxicology 2003CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (rat lvr)
RTECS®- Voprosy Onkologii 1987CHLOROFORM• mutagenic - kidney or renal system neoplasms (mouse TD)
• cancer - liver neoplasms (mouse TD)



references

government/industry list/academic study reference
European Union - Classification & LabellingCPS&Q (Consumer Products Safety & Quality) formely known as ECB (European Chemicals Bureau). 2008. Classification and Labelling: Chemicals: Annex VI of Directive 67/548/EEC through the 31st ATP.
Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - CarcinogensACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) 2008. ACGIH cancer classification system. www.acgih.org.
Association of Occupational and Environmental ClinicsAOEC (Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics). 2009. AEOC exposures codes and asthmagen designation.
U.S. - Ingredients Prohibited and Restricted in Cosmetics by FDA RegulationsFDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration), 2006. Ingredients Prohibited and Restricted by FDA Regulations. FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Cosmetics and Colors. Downloaded from http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/cos-210.html.
Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics IngredientsHealth Canada. 2007. List of Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetic Ingredients. Canada's Cosmetic Ingredient Hotlist. March 2007.
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FDA Everything Added to FoodFDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration). 2008. EAFUS [Everything Added to Food]: A Food Additive Database. FDA Office of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition.
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EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2008. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Evidence for human carcinogenicity based on 1986-2005 guidelines.
European Union - Banned or Restricted in CosmeticsEC (European Commission of the European Union). 1999-2006. Enterprise Directorate-General Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics. The rules governing cosmetic products in the European Union, Volume 1, "Cosmetics legislation."
European Union - Water Framework DirectiveEU (European Union). 2000. Water Framework Directive (Directive 2000/60/EC ) - integrated river basin management for Europe. List of priority substances.
EPA Hazardous Air PollutantsEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2005. Office of Air. The 112(b)1 Hazardous Air Pollutants List (as modified). Last modified: 12 Dec 2005.
National Library of Medicine HazMapNLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents.
Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - CarcinogensIARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2008. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, as evaluated in IARC Monographs Volumes 1-99 (a total of 935 agents, mixtures and exposures).
EPA Categorized List of Inert Pesticide IngredientsEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1987 & 2005. Office of Pesticide Programs. Inert (other) Pesticide Ingredients in Pesticide Products - Categorized List of Inert (other) Pesticide Ingredients.
Japan's Standards for CosmeticsJapan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. 2006. Standards for Cosmetics. Evaluation and Licensing Division. Pharmaceutical and Food Safety Bureau.
NIOSH Occupational CarcinogensNIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health). 2006. NIOSH Carcinogens List (Potential occupational carcinogens). http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npotocca.html.
NTP Report on Carcinogens, 11th EditionNTP (National Toxicology Program). 2005. Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program.
Our Stolen Future Endocrine DisruptorsColborn T, D Dumanoski, JP Myers. 2006. Widespread Pollutants with Endocrine-disrupting Effects. Updated from original listing in "Our Stolen Future" (1996).
Canada PBTs - Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET)EC (Environment Canada). 1994. Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET). ARET substance list of persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals.
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Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationAgency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Minimal risk Levels for Hazardous Substances. January 2004. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls.html, US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, LaDou, J. (ed.). Occupational Medicine. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CN. 1990., Malachowsky, M.J. Health Effects of Toxic Substances. Government Institutes. Rockville, MD 1995., California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part III: Technical Support Document 'Determination of Noncancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels'. Includes all Chronic Reference Exposure Levels (CRELs) adopted by OEHHA as of August 2003 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/AllChrels.html, plus draft CRELS proposed through March 2004 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/index.html., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationUS EPA. Roadmaps to Sources of Information on Chemicals Listed in the Emergency Planning Community and Community Right-to-Know Act (Also Known as SARA Title 3), Section 313 Toxic Release Inventory (for Microcomputers). (Report Number EPADFDK92040). 1991. Data file distributed in 2 diskettes by Office of Pollution, Prevention, and Toxics, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. NOTE: Datasource no longer being maintained by EPA; not currently available online., Frazier , L. and M. L. Hage (eds.). Reproductive Hazards of the Workplace, Wiley Europe, 1998. Table 10 (Partial List of Reproductive Toxicants) available at http://www.pharmacy.ohio-state.edu/homepage/safety/chemhygiene_table_repro.pdf., California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Acute Reference Exposure Levels (RELs), Averaging Times, and Toxicologic Endpoints. Includes all Acute Reference Exposure Levels (ARELs) developed by OEHHA through May 2000http://www.oehha.org/air/acute_rels/allAcRELs.html
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationUS EPA. Roadmaps to Sources of Information on Chemicals Listed in the Emergency Planning Community and Community Right-to-Know Act (Also Known as SARA Title 3), Section 313 Toxic Release Inventory (for Microcomputers). (Report Number EPADFDK92040). 1991. Data file distributed in 2 diskettes by Office of Pollution, Prevention, and Toxics, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. NOTE: Datasource no longer being maintained by EPA; not currently available online., Jankovic, J. A Screening Method for Occupational Reproductive Health Risk. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 57: 641-649. 1996., California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Acute Reference Exposure Levels (RELs), Averaging Times, and Toxicologic Endpoints. Includes all Acute Reference Exposure Levels (ARELs) developed by OEHHA through May 2000http://www.oehha.org/air/acute_rels/allAcRELs.html, California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part III: Technical Support Document 'Determination of Noncancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels'. Includes all Chronic Reference Exposure Levels (CRELs) adopted by OEHHA as of August 2003 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/AllChrels.html, plus draft CRELS proposed through March 2004 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/index.html.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationKlaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996., California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part III: Technical Support Document 'Determination of Noncancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels'. Includes all Chronic Reference Exposure Levels (CRELs) adopted by OEHHA as of August 2003 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/AllChrels.html, plus draft CRELS proposed through March 2004 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/index.html., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation., Stacey, N.H. Occupational Toxicology. Taylor & Francis. 1995.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationKlaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation.
Scorecard.org Toxicity InformationNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation., World Wildlife Fund. Our Stolen Future. Widespread Pollutants with Endocrine-disrupting Effects. http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemlist.htm. The WWF list is derived from references detailed at http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm and was originally published in: Colborn, T., F.S. vom Saal, and A.M. Soto. Developmental Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals In Wildlife and Humans. Environmental Health Perspectives 101(5): 378-384. 1993.
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