National Drinking Water Database
National Drinking Water Database - Chemical Contaminants
Chlordane
Status: Regulated - EPA has established a maximum legal limit in tapwater for this contaminant.
Chlordane is a persistent insecticide/termiticide that is likely carcinogenic to humans and has been banned in the U.S. since 1988. [read more]
Detected |
Found above health guidelines |
Found above legal limit |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| States | 14 |
14 |
2 |
| Water utilities | 39 |
39 |
3 |
| People Served | 754,941 |
754,941 |
314 |
Health Concerns for Chlordane:
- Cancer
- Endocrine disruption
- Neurotoxicity
- Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
- Persistence and bioaccumulation
- Allergies/immunotoxicity
- Developmental/reproductive toxicity
- Occupational hazards
- Biochemical or cellular level changes
- Ecotoxicology
Chlordane Exposure by State
Water utilities in 14 states have reported detecting Chlordane in treated tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies.
| State | Water Suppliers with Chlordane contamination | Water suppliers reporting Chlordane above health-based limits | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systems | Population | Systems | Population | |
| New York | 4 | 263,800 | 4 | 263,800 |
| Delaware | 1 | 201,000 | 1 | 201,000 |
| Florida | 8 | 71,184 | 8 | 71,184 |
| Hawaii | 1 | 52,326 | 1 | 52,326 |
| Rhode Island | 1 | 51,000 | 1 | 51,000 |
| Alabama | 1 | 39,051 | 1 | 39,051 |
| Kentucky | 1 | 34,650 | 1 | 34,650 |
| New Mexico | 1 | 22,000 | 1 | 22,000 |
| Nebraska | 1 | 14,700 | 1 | 14,700 |
| North Carolina | 16 | 4,690 | 16 | 4,690 |
| Maryland | 1 | 184 | 1 | 184 |
| Virginia | 1 | 156 | 1 | 156 |
| Arizona | 1 | 150 | 1 | 150 |
| New Hampshire | 1 | 50 | 1 | 50 |
| Total | 39 | 754,941 | 39 | 754,941 |
The Most Polluted Communities
39 water utilities reported detecting Chlordane in tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies
Ranked by highest average Chlordane level
| Rank | System | Population Served | Positive test results of total reported tests | Average Level (Range) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Old Coach Village Derry, NH | 50 | 1 of 1 | 5.1 ppb (5.1 ppb) |
| 2 | Ashebrook Park Gastonia, NC | 239 | 14 of 16 | 0.82 ppb (0 to 2.4 ppb) |
| 3 | Pines Rest Home Louisburg, NC | 25 | 5 of 7 | 0.81 ppb (0 to 2.2 ppb) |
| 4 | Oakdale S/D Charlotte, NC | 117 | 6 of 12 | 0.59 ppb (0 to 1.6 ppb) |
| 5 | F W Baptist Childrens Home Middlesex, NC | 41 | 7 of 9 | 0.49 ppb (0 to 0.85 ppb) |
| 6 | Snow Creek Heights Water Syst Hickory, NC | 130 | 12 of 16 | 0.45 ppb (0 to 1.6 ppb) |
| 7 | Freezeland Manor Subdivision VA | 156 | 1 of 1 | 0.31 ppb (0.31 ppb) |
| 8 | Rolling Acres S/D Raleigh, NC | 57 | 3 of 10 | 0.26 ppb (0 to 1.1 ppb) |
| 9 | M/H Park Inc. (Fka - Lee's Mhp) Lake City, FL | 80 | 2 of 5 | 0.24 ppb (0 to 0.79 ppb) |
| 10 | Royal Acres S/D Raleigh, NC | 67 | 5 of 10 | 0.22 ppb (0 to 0.71 ppb) |
Health Based Limits for Chlordane
| Standard | Description | Level |
|---|---|---|
| Maximum Contaminant Limit Goal (MCLG) | A non-enforceable health goal that is set at a level at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons occurs and which allows an adequate margin of safety. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 0 ppb |
| EPA Human Health Water Quality Criteria | Water quality criteria set by the US EPA provide guidance for states and tribes authorized to establish water quality standards under the Clean Water Act (CWA) to protect human health. These are non-enforceable standards based upon exposure by both drinking water and the contribution of water contamination to other consumed foods. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | <0.01 ppb |
| California Public Health Goals | Defined by the State of California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) as the level of contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. For acutely toxic substances, levels are set at which scientific evidence indicates that no known or anticipated adverse effects on health will occur, plus an adequate margin-of safety. PHGs for carcinogens or other substances which can cause chronic disease shall be based solely on health effects without regard to cost impacts and shall be set at levels which OEHHA has determined do not pose any significant risk to health. | 0.03 ppb |
| One in one million (10-6) Cancer Risk | The concentration of a chemical in drinking water corresponding to an excess estimated lifetime cancer risk of 1 in 1,000,000. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 0.1 ppb |
| Maximum Contaminant Limit (MCL) | The enforceable standard which defines the highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to health-based limits (Maximum Contaminant Level Goals, or MCLGs) as feasible using the best available analytical and treatment technologies and taking cost into consideration. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 2 ppb |
| One in ten thousand (10-4) Cancer Risk | The concentration of a chemical in drinking water corresponding to an excess estimated lifetime cancer risk of 1 in 10,000. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 10 ppb |
| Drinking Water Equivalent Level | A lifetime exposure concentration protective of adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects, that assumes all of the exposure to a contaminant is from drinking water. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 20 ppb |
| Children's health-based limit for 1-day exposure | Concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects for up to one day of exposure. The One-Day health-based limit (or Health Advisory, HA) is typically set to protect a 10-kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 60 ppb |
| Children's health-based limit for 10-day exposure | Concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse, noncarcinogenic effects for up to ten days of exposure. The Ten-Day health-based limit (or Health Advisory, HA) is typically set to protect a 10-kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 60 ppb |
Testing Summary for Chlordane
| Are tests routinely required for Chlordane by federal law? | Yes |
| Water suppliers reporting tests for Chlordane (2004-2009): | 18,532 of 47,576 |
| Average testing rate for water supplier reporting tests (2004-2009): | 0.4 per year |
Violation Summary for Chlordane
Data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency includes the following violations of federal standards for Chlordane since 2004
| Maximum Contaminant Level Exceedance Violations | 0 |
| Monitoring Violations | 1,781 |
| Reporting Violations | 0 |
Cancer
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Possible human carcinogen | California EPA Proposition 65 |
| Cancer - strong evidence | Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens |
| Limited evidence of carcinogenicity | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Limited evidence of carcinogenicity | Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens |
| Limited evidence of carcinogenicity | Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens |
| Limited evidence of carcinogenicity | NIOSH Occupational Carcinogens |
| Cancer - limited evidence | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
| Cancer - limited evidence | Silent Spring's Mammary Carcinogens Reviews Database |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1977 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology 1983 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1988 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1995 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1993 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Chemico-Biological Interactions 1977 |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1987 |
| One or more in vitro tests on microorganisms show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1983 |
Endocrine disruption
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Human disruptor - strong evidence | European Commission on Endocrine Disruption |
| Limited evidence of wildlife and the environment disruption | European Commission on Endocrine Disruption |
| Limited evidence of endocrine disruption | BKH/European Commission, 2000 |
| endocrine - weight of evidence unknown/unassessed/unreview: published lit review or major tox study | Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System |
| endocrine - weight of evidence unknown/unassessed/unreview: published lit review or major tox study | Our Stolen Future Endocrine Disruptors |
Neurotoxicity
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Strong evidence of human neurotoxicity | Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans |
| Moderate evidence of human neurotoxicity | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
| Limited evidence of nervous system toxicity | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Known human respiratory toxicant | EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants |
| Possible human hematologic toxicant | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
| Classified as toxic or harmful | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Limited evidence of hematologic toxicity | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
| Limited evidence of gastrointestinal or liver toxicity | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
| Limited evidence of gastrointestinal or liver toxicity | Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004 |
| Limited evidence of cardiovascular or blood toxicity | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 1995 |
| Limited evidence of kidney toxicity | Merck & Co |
Persistence and bioaccumulation
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife and humans | United Nations Environment Programme/POPs Treaty |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife and humans | EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife | Canada PBTs - Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET) |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife | Great Lakes BTS (Binational Toxics Strategy) PBTs |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife | OSPAR PBTs - Substances of Possible Concern |
Allergies/immunotoxicity
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Human immune toxicant or allergen - moderate evidence | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
Developmental/reproductive toxicity
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Human nervous system toxicant - moderate evidence | Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans |
| Limited evidence of developmental toxicity | Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004 |
| Limited evidence of reproductive toxicity | US EPA, 9204 |
Occupational hazards
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to low doses | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to low doses | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 |
Biochemical or cellular level changes
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Cancer - limited evidence - immune system | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
Ecotoxicology
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Wildlife and environmental toxicity | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Wildlife and environmental toxicity | EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants |
| Wildlife and environmental toxicity | Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System |
Government, industry, academic studies and classifications
| government/industry list/academic study | appears on list as | classification(s) |
| European Union - Classification & Labelling | CHLORDANE | •Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect •Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect •Harmful •Harmful in contact with skin and if swallowed •Dangerous for the environment •Very toxic to aquatic organisms |
| Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens | CHLORDANE | •Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (ACGIH classification A3) |
| Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics | CHLORDANE | • P |
| EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants | CHLORDANE | •Priority water pollutant under the Clean Water Act |
| Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System | CHLORDANES | •EPA: known endocrine disruptor |
| European Commission on Endocrine Disruption | CHLORDANE (CIS- AND TRANS-) | HH-CAT1;WF-CAT2 |
| European Union - Banned or Restricted in Cosmetics | CHLORDANE, PUR | •Prohibited in EU cosmetics: must not form part of the composition of cosmetic products |
| EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants | CHLORDANE | •Hazardous air pollutant under Clean Air Act |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | CHLORDANE | •Skin Designation (ACGIH) - Danger of cutaneous absorption (ACGIH): Yes; •Restricted - Regulations that have banned or restricted the use of the agent: EPA banned it for food crops in 1978 and for termite control in 1988. Chlordane is still licensed for fire ant control in electric transformers. [EXTOXNET] All U.S. registrations cancelled; [EPA Pesticides, p. 56]; •Hepatotoxin: Hepatotoxin, Secondary;PE |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | CHLORDANE | •IARC Group 2B: possible human carcinogen (International Agency for Research on Carcinogens) |
| NIOSH Occupational Carcinogens | CHLORDANE | •Potential occupational carcinogen according to NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) |
| Our Stolen Future Endocrine Disruptors | CHLORDANE | • |
| Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants | PURCHLORDANE | Banned under the Aahrus Protocol for Persistent Organic Pollutants |
| Canada PBTs - Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET) | CHLORDANE | •Suspected persistent, bioaccumulative toxicant - Environment Canada, July 2006 chemical inventory review |
| Great Lakes BTS (Binational Toxics Strategy) PBTs | PURCHLORDANE | •Persistent, bioaccumulative toxicant - Great Lakes Binational Strategy, Tier 1 concern (highest), targeted for phase-out |
| OSPAR PBTs - Substances of Possible Concern | PURCHLORDANE | •Persistent, bioaccumulative toxicant - Oslo-Paris (OSPAR) Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, chemical of concern |
| United Nations Environment Programme/POPs Treaty | PURCHLORDANE | •Persistent, bioaccumulative toxicant - targeted for restrictions under international treaty (Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, or POPs Convention) |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | PURCHLORDANE | •Very persistent and bioaccumulative toxicant - targeted for waste reporting under U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxics Release Inventory programs |
| California EPA Proposition 65 | CHLORDANE | •Carcinogen: California Proposition 65 |
| Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004 | CHLORDANE | •Gastrointestinal or liver toxicity hazards: suspected |
| Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004 | CHLORDANE | •Developmental toxicity hazards: suspected |
| BKH/European Commission, 2000 | CHLORDANE | •Endocrine toxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 1995 | CHLORDANE | •Cardiovascular or blood toxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, 9204 | CHLORDANE | •Reproductive toxicity hazards: suspected |
| Merck & Co | CHLORDANE | •Kidney toxicity hazards: suspected |
| Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens | CHLORDANE | •Cancer hazards: recognized |
| Silent Spring's Mammary Carcinogens Reviews Database | CHLORDANE | •Chemicals Shown to Cause Mammary Gland Tumors in Animal Studies |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 | CHLORDANE | • occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology 1983 | CHLORDANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange ( human lym) |
| RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1988 | CHLORDANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (rat orl) |
| RTECS®- Chemico-Biological Interactions 1977 | CHLORDANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Mammalian Somatic Cells (hamster lng) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1983 | CHLORDANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange (other fish mul) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1987 | CHLORDANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Phage Inhibition Capacity (Escherichia coli ) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1993 | CHLORDANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (mouse orl) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1995 | CHLORDANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems (mouse orl) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1977 | CHLORDANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Unscheduled DNA Synthesis ( human fbr) |
references
| government/industry list/academic study | reference |
| European Union - Classification & Labelling | CPS&Q (Consumer Products Safety & Quality) formely known as ECB (European Chemicals Bureau). 2008. Classification and Labelling: Chemicals: Annex VI of Directive 67/548/EEC through the 31st ATP. |
| Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens | ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) 2008. ACGIH cancer classification system. www.acgih.org. |
| Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics | AOEC (Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics). 2009. AEOC exposures codes and asthmagen designation. |
| EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants | |
| Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System | Illinois EPA (Illinois Environmental Protection Agency). 2000. Preliminary list of chemicals associated with endocrine system effects in animals and humans (*) or in vitro (+). In EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 2000. Handbook for Non-Cancer Health Effects Valuation, Appendix C. |
| European Commission on Endocrine Disruption | EU (European Union)- Strategy for Endocrine Disrupters 2007. Commision on endocrin disruption requested by the European Parliament in 1998. |
| European Union - Banned or Restricted in Cosmetics | EC (European Commission of the European Union). 1999-2006. Enterprise Directorate-General Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics. The rules governing cosmetic products in the European Union, Volume 1, "Cosmetics legislation." |
| EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2005. Office of Air. The 112(b)1 Hazardous Air Pollutants List (as modified). Last modified: 12 Dec 2005. |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents. |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2008. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, as evaluated in IARC Monographs Volumes 1-99 (a total of 935 agents, mixtures and exposures). |
| NIOSH Occupational Carcinogens | NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health). 2006. NIOSH Carcinogens List (Potential occupational carcinogens). http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npotocca.html. |
| Our Stolen Future Endocrine Disruptors | Colborn T, D Dumanoski, JP Myers. 2006. Widespread Pollutants with Endocrine-disrupting Effects. Updated from original listing in "Our Stolen Future" (1996). |
| Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants | Aarhus LRTAP. 1998. Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Geneva Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, United Nations Environment Program. |
| Canada PBTs - Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET) | EC (Environment Canada). 1994. Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET). ARET substance list of persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals. |
| Great Lakes BTS (Binational Toxics Strategy) PBTs | Great Lakes BTS (Binational Toxics Strategy). 1997. Canada-United States Strategy for the Virtual Elimination of Persistent Toxic Substances in the Great Lakes. Appendix I - Level 1 and Level 2 substances. |
| OSPAR PBTs - Substances of Possible Concern | OSPAR (Oslo-Paris). 2002. OSPAR List of Substances of Possible Concern. Secondary OSPAR List of Substances of Possible Concern. Secondary OSPAR. Place Published, OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environement of North-East Atlanic. |
| United Nations Environment Programme/POPs Treaty | UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 2001. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) — POPs Treaty. |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1999. Toxics Release Inventory Program. PBT Chemical Rule. |
| California EPA Proposition 65 | California EPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). 9/2008. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986. Chemicals known to the State to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Minimal risk Levels for Hazardous Substances. January 2004. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls.html, US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Minimal risk Levels for Hazardous Substances. January 2004. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls.html, US EPA. Roadmaps to Sources of Information on Chemicals Listed in the Emergency Planning Community and Community Right-to-Know Act (Also Known as SARA Title 3), Section 313 Toxic Release Inventory (for Microcomputers). (Report Number EPADFDK92040). 1991. Data file distributed in 2 diskettes by Office of Pollution, Prevention, and Toxics, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. NOTE: Datasource no longer being maintained by EPA; not currently available online. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | BKH/European Commission. Towards the establishment of a priority list of substances for further evaluation of their role in endocrine disruption: - preparation of a candidate list of substances as a basis for priority setting. Final report-November 2000. http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/docum/01262_en.htm#bkh. Category 1 chemicals from Annex 1: Candidate list of 553 substances. http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/docum/bkh_annex_01.pdf, Illinois EPA. Endocrine Disruptors Strategy. 1997. (Table 1: Preliminary List of Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System Effects in Animals and Humans or In Vitro). http://www.nihs.go.jp/hse/environ/illiepatable.htm, Japanese National Institute of Health Sciences. Lists of Paradigmatic Chemicals. http://www.nihs.go.jp/hse/endocrine-e/paradigm/paradigm.html, World Wildlife Fund. Our Stolen Future. Widespread Pollutants with Endocrine-disrupting Effects. http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemlist.htm. The WWF list is derived from references detailed at http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm and was originally published in: Colborn, T., F.S. vom Saal, and A.M. Soto. Developmental Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals In Wildlife and Humans. Environmental Health Perspectives 101(5): 378-384. 1993. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, Malachowsky, M.J. Health Effects of Toxic Substances. Government Institutes. Rockville, MD 1995. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA. Roadmaps to Sources of Information on Chemicals Listed in the Emergency Planning Community and Community Right-to-Know Act (Also Known as SARA Title 3), Section 313 Toxic Release Inventory (for Microcomputers). (Report Number EPADFDK92040). 1991. Data file distributed in 2 diskettes by Office of Pollution, Prevention, and Toxics, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. NOTE: Datasource no longer being maintained by EPA; not currently available online. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Merck & Co. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. TABLE 226-1. Common Nephrotoxic Agents http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/tables/226tb1.htm |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens (July 2004) can be obtained from http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html. |
| Silent Spring's Mammary Carcinogens Reviews Database | Rudel RA, KR Attfield, JN Schifano and JG Brody. Chemicals Causing Mammary Gland Tumors in Animals Signal New Directions for Epidemiology, Chemicals Testing, and Risk Assessment for Breast Cancer Prevention. CANCER Supplement. 2007 Jun 15;109(12):2635-2666. |
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| RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1988 | RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London). (Oxford Univ. Press, Pinkhill House, Southfield Road, Eynsham, Oxford OX8 1JJ, UK) V.1- 9,387,1988 |
| RTECS®- Chemico-Biological Interactions 1977 | RTECS®- Chemico-Biological Interactions. (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 19,369,1977 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1983 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 118,61,1983 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1987 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 182,193,1987 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1993 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 301,33,1993 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1995 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 343,157,1995 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1977 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 42,161,1977 |
"RTECS®" is a United States trademark owned and licensed under authority of the U.S. Government, by and through MDL Information Systems, Inc.