National Drinking Water Database
National Drinking Water Database - Chemical Contaminants
Atrazine
Status: Regulated - EPA has established a maximum legal limit in tapwater for this contaminant.
Atrazine is an endocrine-disrupting herbicide used on corn, sugarcane and sorghum; it is associated with adverse reproductive effects and toxicity to the immune system. [read more]
Detected |
Found above health guidelines |
Found above legal limit |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| States | 33 |
28 |
6 |
| Water utilities | 661 |
490 |
37 |
| People Served | 27,219,355 |
17,393,975 |
861,538 |
Health Concerns for Atrazine:
- Endocrine disruption
- Allergies/immunotoxicity
- Developmental/reproductive toxicity
- Cancer
- Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
- Persistence and bioaccumulation
- Occupational hazards
- Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs)
- Ecotoxicology
Atrazine Exposure by State
Water utilities in 33 states have reported detecting Atrazine in treated tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies.
| State | Water Suppliers with Atrazine contamination | Water suppliers reporting Atrazine above health-based limits | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systems | Population | Systems | Population | |
| Texas | 104 | 5,833,896 | 89 | 5,254,554 |
| Ohio | 80 | 4,459,090 | 71 | 2,905,651 |
| Pennsylvania | 40 | 2,398,926 | 25 | 2,048,950 |
| Indiana | 28 | 1,573,002 | 28 | 1,573,002 |
| Illinois | 59 | 1,043,168 | 59 | 1,043,168 |
| Nebraska | 84 | 961,342 | 47 | 882,180 |
| Missouri | 46 | 616,569 | 41 | 599,751 |
| Iowa | 37 | 729,723 | 24 | 412,963 |
| Minnesota | 6 | 385,057 | 4 | 384,471 |
| Florida | 6 | 397,561 | 2 | 355,146 |
| Kentucky | 24 | 348,769 | 23 | 314,119 |
| North Carolina | 19 | 360,098 | 14 | 274,828 |
| Idaho | 4 | 236,593 | 3 | 232,477 |
| Maryland | 18 | 3,760,941 | 10 | 220,533 |
| Delaware | 6 | 247,407 | 3 | 201,177 |
| Hawaii | 16 | 270,225 | 8 | 177,937 |
| California | 3 | 175,486 | 3 | 175,486 |
| Michigan | 1 | 124,943 | 1 | 124,943 |
| Arkansas | 1 | 80,258 | 1 | 80,258 |
| Massachusetts | 4 | 97,150 | 2 | 52,000 |
| Wisconsin | 40 | 77,662 | 19 | 27,438 |
| Arizona | 3 | 731,361 | 1 | 16,308 |
| Alabama | 2 | 17,958 | 1 | 13,338 |
| Virginia | 4 | 1,244,089 | 2 | 9,265 |
| Oklahoma | 4 | 17,649 | 3 | 7,745 |
| New York | 8 | 505,696 | 3 | 5,953 |
| New Hampshire | 2 | 252 | 2 | 252 |
| Montana | 1 | 82 | 1 | 82 |
| New Jersey | 3 | 449,793 | 0 | 0 |
| Rhode Island | 2 | 58,309 | 0 | 0 |
| Connecticut | 1 | 11,590 | 0 | 0 |
| Vermont | 1 | 3,500 | 0 | 0 |
| Washington | 4 | 1,210 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | 661 | 27,219,355 | 490 | 17,393,975 |
The Most Polluted Communities
661 water utilities reported detecting Atrazine in tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies
Ranked by highest average Atrazine level
| Rank | System | Population Served | Positive test results of total reported tests | Average Level (Range) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Keenhold Assoc Water Sys PA | 40 | 1 of 1 | 2 ppb (2 ppb) |
| 2 | Village of Blanchester Blanchester, OH | 4,500 | 34 of 50 | 1.74 ppb (0 to 8.3 ppb) |
| 3 | City of Pflugerville Pflugerville, TX | 14,460 | 1 of 1 | 1.7 ppb (1.7 ppb) |
| 4 | City of Napoleon Napoleon, OH | 9,318 | 29 of 50 | 1.46 ppb (0 to 7.1 ppb) |
| 5 | Crosby Mud Crosby, TX | 3,162 | 6 of 7 | 1.36 ppb (0 to 7.3 ppb) |
| 6 | City of Cameron Cameron, TX | 5,635 | 11 of 12 | 1.23 ppb (0 to 7.01 ppb) |
| 7 | City of Cooper Cooper, TX | 1,200 | 8 of 11 | 1.16 ppb (0 to 3.65 ppb) |
| 8 | Village of Mcclure Mcclure, OH | 850 | 23 of 44 | 1.14 ppb (0 to 7.9 ppb) |
| 9 | Evansville Evansville, IL | 740 | 13 of 31 | 1.06 ppb (0 to 8 ppb) |
| 10 | Maryville Maryville, MO | 9,872 | 18 of 22 | 1.03 ppb (0 to 3.57 ppb) |
Health Based Limits for Atrazine
| Standard | Description | Level |
|---|---|---|
| California Public Health Goals | Defined by the State of California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) as the level of contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. For acutely toxic substances, levels are set at which scientific evidence indicates that no known or anticipated adverse effects on health will occur, plus an adequate margin-of safety. PHGs for carcinogens or other substances which can cause chronic disease shall be based solely on health effects without regard to cost impacts and shall be set at levels which OEHHA has determined do not pose any significant risk to health. | 0.15 ppb |
| Maximum Contaminant Limit (MCL) | The enforceable standard which defines the highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to health-based limits (Maximum Contaminant Level Goals, or MCLGs) as feasible using the best available analytical and treatment technologies and taking cost into consideration. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 3 ppb |
| Maximum Contaminant Limit Goal (MCLG) | A non-enforceable health goal that is set at a level at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons occurs and which allows an adequate margin of safety. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 3 ppb |
| Drinking Water Equivalent Level | A lifetime exposure concentration protective of adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects, that assumes all of the exposure to a contaminant is from drinking water. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 700 ppb |
Testing Summary for Atrazine
| Are tests routinely required for Atrazine by federal law? | Yes |
| Water suppliers reporting tests for Atrazine (2004-2009): | 23,285 of 47,576 |
| Average testing rate for water supplier reporting tests (2004-2009): | 0.4 per year |
Violation Summary for Atrazine
Data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency includes the following violations of federal standards for Atrazine since 2004
| Maximum Contaminant Level Exceedance Violations | 19 |
| Monitoring Violations | 1,948 |
| Reporting Violations | 0 |
Endocrine disruption
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Human disruptor - strong evidence | European Commission on Endocrine Disruption |
| Limited evidence of endocrine disruption | BKH/European Commission, 2000 |
| Limited evidence of wildlife and the environment disruption | European Commission on Endocrine Disruption |
| endocrine - weight of evidence unknown/unassessed/unreview: published lit review or major tox study | Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System |
Allergies/immunotoxicity
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Limited evidence of immune system toxicity or allergies | European Economic Community |
| Limited evidence of immune system toxicity or allergies | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Limited evidence of immune toxicity or allergies | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
Developmental/reproductive toxicity
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Human reproductive toxicant - moderate evidence | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
| Human developmental toxicant - moderate evidence | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
| Limited evidence of reproductive toxicity | Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004 |
| Limited evidence of musculoskeletal toxicity | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
| Limited evidence of renal toxicity | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
| Limited evidence of cardiovascular toxicity | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
Cancer
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Possible carcinogen | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
| Cancer - limited evidence | Silent Spring's Mammary Carcinogens Reviews Database |
| Cancer - limited evidence | US EPA, 1788 |
| Cancer - limited evidence | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 2008 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Reproductive Toxicology 2006 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 2006 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 2001 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1980 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1992 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Commission of the European Communities, Report EUR 1980 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1988 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1992 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1995 |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1980 |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 1977 |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1986 |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1992 |
| Cancer - not classifiable/not likely to be human carcinogen | Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens |
Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Classified as a high human health priority | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
| Classified as expected to be toxic or harmful | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
| One or more animal studies show sense organ effects at very low doses | RTECS®- Ciba-Geigy Toxicology Data/Indexes 1977 |
| One or more animal studies show sense organ effects at very low doses | RTECS®- Vrachebnoe Delo 1977 |
| Classified as toxic or harmful | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Limited evidence of sense organ toxicity | European Economic Community |
| One or more animal studies show classified as toxic effects at moderate doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient) | EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs |
Persistence and bioaccumulation
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Persistent or bioaccumulative and moderate to high toxicity concern in humans | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
| Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife | OSPAR PBTs - Substances of Possible Concern |
| Not suspected to be bioaccumulative | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
Occupational hazards
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to low doses | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to moderate doses | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 |
Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs)
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Human skin irritant - moderate evidence | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
| One or more animal studies show skin irritation at moderate doses | RTECS®- Ciba-Geigy Toxicology Data/Indexes 1977 |
| One or more animal studies show skin irritation at moderate doses | RTECS®- Vrachebnoe Delo 1977 |
Ecotoxicology
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Wildlife and environmental toxicity | European Union - Water Framework Directive |
| Wildlife and environmental toxicity | Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System |
| Suspected to be an environmental toxin and be persistent or bioaccumulative | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
| Wildlife and environmental toxicity | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Suspected to be an environmental toxin | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
Government, industry, academic studies and classifications
| government/industry list/academic study | appears on list as | classification(s) |
| European Union - Classification & Labelling | ATRAZINE | •Harmful •Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed •May cause sensitization by skin contact •Dangerous for the environment •Very toxic to aquatic organisms |
| Environment Canada Domestic Substance List | 1,3,5-TRIAZINE-2,4-DIAMINE, 6-CHLORO-N-ETHYL-N'-(1-METHYLETHYL)- | •This chemical was deemed a high human health priority and was flagged by CEPA for further attention. The chemical is suspected to be carcinogenic, persistent, and toxic to aquatic organisms. |
| Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System | ATRAZINE | •EPA: known endocrine disruptor |
| European Commission on Endocrine Disruption | ATRAZINE | HH-CAT1;WF-CAT2 |
| European Union - Water Framework Directive | ATRAZINE | •Priority substance in EU water policy |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | ATRAZINE | •Dermatotoxin: Skin Burns; •TLV (ACGIH) - Threshold limit value (ACGIH): 5 mg/m3; •MAK - Maximum Allowable Concentration (Federal Republic of Germany): 2 mg/m3, inhalable fraction; |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | ATRAZINE | •IARC Group 3 (no cancer link) |
| Our Stolen Future Endocrine Disruptors | ATRAZINE | Neuroendocrine-pituitary (depression of LH surge); testosterone metabolism. |
| OSPAR PBTs - Substances of Possible Concern | 6-CHLORO-N-ETHYL-N'-(1-METHYLETHYL)-1,3,5-TRIAZINE-2,4-DIAMINE | •Persistent, bioaccumulative toxicant - Oslo-Paris (OSPAR) Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, chemical of concern |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | 6-CHLORO-N-ETHYL-N'-(1-METHYLETHYL)-1,3,5-TRIAZINE-2,4-DIAMINE | •Toxic, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxics Release Inventory programs |
| Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004 | ATRAZINE | •Reproductive toxicity hazards: suspected |
| BKH/European Commission, 2000 | ATRAZINE | •Endocrine toxicity hazards: suspected |
| European Economic Community | ATRAZINE | •Immunotoxicity hazards: suspected |
| European Economic Community | ATRAZINE | •Skin or sense organ toxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, 1788 | ATRAZINE | •Cancer hazards: suspected |
| Silent Spring's Mammary Carcinogens Reviews Database | ATRAZINE | •Chemicals Shown to Cause Mammary Gland Tumors in Animal Studies |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 | ATRAZINE | • occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- Ciba-Geigy Toxicology Data/Indexes 1977 | ATRAZINE | • sense organ - Primary eye irritant (rabbit ) • skin - Primary skin irritant (rabbit ) |
| RTECS®- Commission of the European Communities, Report EUR 1980 | ATRAZINE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Host-mediated Assay (rat ) |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1992 | ATRAZINE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (mouse orl) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems (mouse orl) |
| RTECS®- Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 1977 | ATRAZINE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Dominant Lethal Strain (Drosophila melanogaster orl) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sex Chromosome Loss and Nondisjunction (Drosophila melanogaster orl) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1986 | ATRAZINE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sex Chromosome Loss and Nondisjunction (Neurospora crassa ) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1988 | ATRAZINE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (rat orl) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1992 | ATRAZINE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: (Drosophila melanogaster orl) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1992 | ATRAZINE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis ( human lym) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1995 | ATRAZINE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage ( human lym) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2001 | ATRAZINE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (mouse ipr) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2006 | ATRAZINE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (hamster orl) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2008 | ATRAZINE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (rat orl) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (rat orl) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1980 | ATRAZINE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (hamster lng) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Dominant Lethal Strain (mouse orl) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Gene Conversion and Mitotic Recombination ( Aspergillis nidulans ) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Host-mediated Assay (mouse ) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Unscheduled DNA Synthesis ( human fbr) |
| RTECS®- Reproductive Toxicology 2006 | ATRAZINE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: sperm ( human spr) |
| RTECS®- Vrachebnoe Delo 1977 | ATRAZINE | • sense organ - Primary eye irritant (mammal ) • skin - Primary skin irritant (mammal ) |
references
| government/industry list/academic study | reference |
| European Union - Classification & Labelling | CPS&Q (Consumer Products Safety & Quality) formely known as ECB (European Chemicals Bureau). 2008. Classification and Labelling: Chemicals: Annex VI of Directive 67/548/EEC through the 31st ATP. |
| Environment Canada Domestic Substance List | EC (Environment Canada). 2008. Domestic Substances List Categorization. Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) Environmental Registry. |
| Illinois EPA Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System | Illinois EPA (Illinois Environmental Protection Agency). 2000. Preliminary list of chemicals associated with endocrine system effects in animals and humans (*) or in vitro (+). In EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 2000. Handbook for Non-Cancer Health Effects Valuation, Appendix C. |
| European Commission on Endocrine Disruption | EU (European Union)- Strategy for Endocrine Disrupters 2007. Commision on endocrin disruption requested by the European Parliament in 1998. |
| European Union - Water Framework Directive | EU (European Union). 2000. Water Framework Directive (Directive 2000/60/EC ) - integrated river basin management for Europe. List of priority substances. |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents. |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2008. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, as evaluated in IARC Monographs Volumes 1-99 (a total of 935 agents, mixtures and exposures). |
| Our Stolen Future Endocrine Disruptors | Colborn T, D Dumanoski, JP Myers. 2006. Widespread Pollutants with Endocrine-disrupting Effects. Updated from original listing in "Our Stolen Future" (1996). |
| OSPAR PBTs - Substances of Possible Concern | OSPAR (Oslo-Paris). 2002. OSPAR List of Substances of Possible Concern. Secondary OSPAR List of Substances of Possible Concern. Secondary OSPAR. Place Published, OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environement of North-East Atlanic. |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1999. Toxics Release Inventory Program. PBT Chemical Rule. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Minimal risk Levels for Hazardous Substances. January 2004. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls.html, Jankovic, J. A Screening Method for Occupational Reproductive Health Risk. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 57: 641-649. 1996. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | BKH/European Commission. Towards the establishment of a priority list of substances for further evaluation of their role in endocrine disruption: - preparation of a candidate list of substances as a basis for priority setting. Final report-November 2000. http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/docum/01262_en.htm#bkh. Category 1 chemicals from Annex 1: Candidate list of 553 substances. http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/docum/bkh_annex_01.pdf, Guillette, L. J., and E. Guillette. Environmental Contaminants and Reproductive Abnormalities in Wildlife: Implications for Public Health? Toxicology and Industrial Health. 12(3): 537-550. 1996., Illinois EPA. Endocrine Disruptors Strategy. 1997. (Table 1: Preliminary List of Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System Effects in Animals and Humans or In Vitro). http://www.nihs.go.jp/hse/environ/illiepatable.htm, Japanese National Institute of Health Sciences. Lists of Paradigmatic Chemicals. http://www.nihs.go.jp/hse/endocrine-e/paradigm/paradigm.html, Keith, L.H. (ed.). Environmental Endocrine Disruptors. John Wiley & Sons, NY. 1997. http://www.wileyeurope.com/cda/product/0,,0471191450%7Cdesc%7C3037,00.html, World Wildlife Fund. Our Stolen Future. Widespread Pollutants with Endocrine-disrupting Effects. http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemlist.htm. The WWF list is derived from references detailed at http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm and was originally published in: Colborn, T., F.S. vom Saal, and A.M. Soto. Developmental Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals In Wildlife and Humans. Environmental Health Perspectives 101(5): 378-384. 1993. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | European Economic Community. Sensitizing Substances in the EEC List of Dangerous Substances. Annex I to Council Directive 67/548/EEC. http://www.kemi.se/default_eng.cfm?page=klass_mark/klasshem_eng.htm |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | European Economic Community. Sensitizing Substances in the EEC List of Dangerous Substances. Annex I to Council Directive 67/548/EEC. http://www.kemi.se/default_eng.cfm?page=klass_mark/klasshem_eng.htm, A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA. Addition of Certain Chemicals; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting; Community Right to Know. Proposed and Final Rules. 59 Federal Register 1788 (Jan 12, 1994); 59 Federal Register 61432 (November 30, 1994). Summarized in Hazard Information on Toxic Chemicals Added to EPCRA Section 313 Under Chemical Expansion. http://www.epa.gov/tri/chemical/hazard_cx.htm, National Toxicology Program. Summary for Agents, Substances, Mixtures or Exposure Circumstances to be Reviewed in 2001-2002 for Possible Listing in the Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition. NTP Board of Scientific Counselors, NTP, Research Triangle Park, NC.http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/NewHomeRoc/11thConsideration.html National Toxicology Program. Summary for Agents, Substances, Mixtures or Exposure Circumstances to be Reviewed in 2004-2005 for Possible Listing in the Report on Carcinogens, Twelfth Edition. NTP Board of Scientific Counselors, NTP, Research Triangle Park, NC. http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/NewHomeRoc/12thConsideration.html, California Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Toxicity Criteria Database - OEHHA Cancer Potency Values . http://www.oehha.ca.gov/risk/pdf/60204cascpl.pdf., US EPA, Office of Emergency Response and Remediation. Superfund Chemical Data Matrix. http://www.epa.gov/superfund/resources/scdm/index.htm |
| Silent Spring's Mammary Carcinogens Reviews Database | Rudel RA, KR Attfield, JN Schifano and JG Brody. Chemicals Causing Mammary Gland Tumors in Animals Signal New Directions for Epidemiology, Chemicals Testing, and Risk Assessment for Breast Cancer Prevention. CANCER Supplement. 2007 Jun 15;109(12):2635-2666. |
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