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National Drinking Water Database

National Drinking Water Database - Chemical Contaminants

Arsenic (total)

Status: Regulated - EPA has established a maximum legal limit in tapwater for this contaminant.

Arsenic contaminates drinking water due to mining runoff, erosion of natural deposits, emissions from glass and electronics processing and the use of arsenical compounds as wood preservatives and pesticides. [read more]

Arsenic

Arsenic is an element that is widely distributed in the earth's crust. Elemental arsenic is ordinarily a steel grey metal-like material that sometimes occurs naturally. However, arsenic is usually found in the environment combined with other elements such as oxygen, chlorine, and sulfur. Arsenic combined with these elements is called inorganic arsenic. Arsenic combined with carbon and hydrogen is referred to as organic arsenic. Organic forms of arsenic are usually less harmful than inorganic forms.

Presently about 90 percent of all arsenic produced is used as a preservative for wood to make it resistant to rotting and decay. The preservative is chromated copper arsenate (CCA) and the treated wood is referred to as "pressure-treated." In the past, arsenic was primarily used as a pesticide, most often on cotton fields and in orchards. Inorganic arsenic compounds can no longer be used in agriculture. However, organic arsenicals, namely cacodylic acid, disodium methylarsenate (DSMA) and monosodium methylarsenate (MSMA), are still used as pesticides, principally on cotton. Small quantities of arsenic metal are added to other metals to form metal mixtures or alloys with improved properties. The greatest use of arsenic in alloys is in lead-acid batteries used in automobiles. Other common uses of arsenic compounds include manufacturing of glass, semiconductors and light-emitting diodes.

Arsenic is a known human carcinogen with toxic effects on nearly all organ systems (ATSDR 2000d). Studies of people who drink tap water with high levels of arsenic show increased risk for cancers of the skin, bladder, lung, kidney, liver and colon (National Toxicology Program (NTP) 2002a). In laboratory animals, arsenic causes cancer when exposure occurs early in life, producing malignant, benign and precancerous lesions in adulthood at multiple sites including the lung, liver, adrenal gland and ovary (Waalkes 2003). In addition, arsenic causes proliferative lesions in the uterus and oviduct in exposed animals.

In 2001, a report by the National Academy of Sciences concluded that people who consume drinking water with three parts per billion (ppb) arsenic daily would have about a 1 in 1000 increased risk of developing bladder or lung cancer. At 10 ppb, the risk is even greater (National Research Council (NRC) 2001). Since 2006, EPA has decreased the highest allowable level, called a maximum contaminant level (MCL), of arsenic in drinking water from 50 ppb to 10 ppb (USEPA 2003c; USEPA 2006a). In 2004, the California Environmental Protection Agency established a long-term objective (called a public health goal) for a maximum drinking water concentration for arsenic of four parts per trillion, 2500 times lower than the EPA's MCL of 10 ppb. Four parts per trillion is a level of arsenic in drinking water that would not be expected to pose a significant human health risk (California Environmental Protection Agency 2004).

Long-term ingestion of arsenic in drinking water results in pronounced vascular changes, peripheral vascular insufficiency and adverse effects on bone marrow (ATSDR 2000d). Studies of communities with high drinking water levels, such as in Bangladesh, India and Taiwan, show that arsenic is associated with increased risk of diabetes (Longnecker and Daniels 2001; Tseng 2002), high blood pressure and heart disease (Tseng 2003; Wang 2002), skin disorders, neurological problems, chromosome damage (Mahata 2003), respiratory problems and birth defects. Arsenic has also been linked with harmful developmental effects in children (California Environmental Protection Agency 2004).

In 2004, the U.S. EPA's Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) reported that in 2002, U.S. industrial facilities released 1,842,882 pounds of arsenic and 403,580,936 pounds of arsenic compounds into the environment, mostly to the land (such as landfills, surface soil, spills and holding ponds) (USEPA 2009i).

	Detected	Found above health guidelines	Found above legal limit
States	43	43	37
Water utilities	11,173	11,173	1,724
People Served	113,356,829	113,356,829	11,149,291

Health Concerns for Arsenic (total):

Cancer
Developmental/reproductive toxicity
Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
Neurotoxicity
Occupational hazards
Persistence and bioaccumulation
Endocrine disruption
Biochemical or cellular level changes
Ecotoxicology
Multiple, additive exposure sources

Arsenic (total) Exposure by State

Water utilities in 43 states have reported detecting Arsenic (total) in treated tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies.

State	Water Suppliers with Arsenic (total) contamination		Water suppliers reporting Arsenic (total) above health-based limits
State	Systems	Population	Systems	Population
California	1,237	41,950,094	1,237	41,950,094
Florida	688	12,064,710	688	12,064,710
Illinois	741	7,809,581	741	7,809,581
Texas	1,043	5,483,450	1,043	5,483,450
Arizona	501	4,596,872	501	4,596,872
Pennsylvania	336	3,736,561	336	3,736,561
New York	332	3,343,408	332	3,343,408
New Jersey	61	3,109,859	61	3,109,859
Ohio	287	2,698,921	287	2,698,921
Indiana	332	2,694,300	332	2,694,300
Utah	220	2,379,492	220	2,379,492
Washington	522	2,222,066	522	2,222,066
Nevada	132	2,090,404	132	2,090,404
Maryland	132	2,015,661	132	2,015,661
Wisconsin	773	1,753,465	773	1,753,465
Oregon	350	1,371,971	350	1,371,971
Missouri	261	1,338,512	261	1,338,512
Nebraska	443	1,317,764	443	1,317,764
Minnesota	304	1,110,732	304	1,110,732
Oklahoma	2	1,069,000	2	1,069,000
New Mexico	144	977,554	144	977,554
Massachusetts	92	933,650	92	933,650
Idaho	298	756,833	298	756,833
Iowa	197	701,022	197	701,022
Delaware	65	664,621	65	664,621
Connecticut	26	650,241	26	650,241
District of Columbia	1	581,530	1	581,530
Michigan	200	524,299	200	524,299
Maine	229	492,443	229	492,443
Alaska	279	474,209	279	474,209
Montana	241	456,405	241	456,405
Kentucky	12	451,359	12	451,359
New Hampshire	483	430,398	483	430,398
South Dakota	78	398,179	78	398,179
North Carolina	33	198,232	33	198,232
Hawaii	1	170,921	1	170,921
Alabama	5	111,465	5	111,465
Virginia	2	102,949	2	102,949
Arkansas	13	61,129	13	61,129
Vermont	30	28,303	30	28,303
North Dakota	27	19,089	27	19,089
West Virginia	12	11,688	12	11,688
Wyoming	8	3,487	8	3,487
Total	11,173	113,356,829	11,173	113,356,829

The Most Polluted Communities

11,173 water utilities reported detecting Arsenic (total) in tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies

Ranked by highest average Arsenic (total) level

Rank	System	Population Served	Positive test results of total reported tests	Average Level (Range)
1	Tacna Water Co Yuma, AZ	240	1 of 1	30 ppb (30 ppb)
2	Kingston Apartments Rancho Santa Fe, MI	50	1 of 1	30 ppb (30 ppb)
3	Maverick Subd Lasher Construction Caldwell, ID	90	2 of 2	30 ppb (30 ppb)
4	Preston Manor NY	40	4 of 4	30 ppb (30 ppb)
5	City of Devils Lake Devils Lake, ND	7,222	7 of 7	30 ppb (30 ppb)
6	City of Linden Linden, MI	2,801	2 of 2	29.67 ppb (29.33 to 30 ppb)
7	Denlar Apartments - Buildings 17 & 19 Killingworth, CT	36	3 of 3	29.33 ppb (28 to 30 ppb)
8	KB Water Association Soldotna, AK	170	1 of 1	29.3 ppb (29.3 ppb)
9	Sunny Acres Nursing Center Bad Axe, MI	30	2 of 2	29 ppb (28 to 30 ppb)
10	Spring Creek Mhp Pahrump, NV	4,146	2 of 2	29 ppb (28.67 to 29.33 ppb)

Health Based Limits for Arsenic (total)

Standard	Description	Level
Maximum Contaminant Limit Goal (MCLG)	A non-enforceable health goal that is set at a level at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons occurs and which allows an adequate margin of safety. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.	0 ppb
California Public Health Goals	Defined by the State of California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) as the level of contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. For acutely toxic substances, levels are set at which scientific evidence indicates that no known or anticipated adverse effects on health will occur, plus an adequate margin-of safety. PHGs for carcinogens or other substances which can cause chronic disease shall be based solely on health effects without regard to cost impacts and shall be set at levels which OEHHA has determined do not pose any significant risk to health.	<0.01 ppb
EPA Human Health Water Quality Criteria	Water quality criteria set by the US EPA provide guidance for states and tribes authorized to establish water quality standards under the Clean Water Act (CWA) to protect human health. These are non-enforceable standards based upon exposure by both drinking water and the contribution of water contamination to other consumed foods. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.	0.02 ppb
One in one million (10-6) Cancer Risk	The concentration of a chemical in drinking water corresponding to an excess estimated lifetime cancer risk of 1 in 1,000,000. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.	0.02 ppb
One in ten thousand (10-4) Cancer Risk	The concentration of a chemical in drinking water corresponding to an excess estimated lifetime cancer risk of 1 in 10,000. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.	2 ppb
Maximum Contaminant Limit (MCL)	The enforceable standard which defines the highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to health-based limits (Maximum Contaminant Level Goals, or MCLGs) as feasible using the best available analytical and treatment technologies and taking cost into consideration. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.	10 ppb
Drinking Water Equivalent Level	A lifetime exposure concentration protective of adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects, that assumes all of the exposure to a contaminant is from drinking water. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.	10 ppb

Testing Summary for Arsenic (total)

Are tests routinely required for Arsenic (total) by federal law?	Yes
Water suppliers reporting tests for Arsenic (total) (2004-2009):	32,224 of 47,576
Average testing rate for water supplier reporting tests (2004-2009):	0.5 per year

Violation Summary for Arsenic (total)

Data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency includes the following violations of federal standards for Arsenic (total) since 2004

Maximum Contaminant Level Exceedance Violations	3,501
Monitoring Violations	2,424
Reporting Violations	1

Cancer

Type of concern:	Reference:
Known human carcinogen	Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens
Known human carcinogen	EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
Known human carcinogen	Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens
Known human carcinogen	NTP Report on Carcinogens, 11th Edition
Possible human carcinogen	California EPA Proposition 65
Cancer - limited evidence	Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens
Cancer - limited evidence	A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results	RTECS^®- Human Genetics 1979
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results	RTECS^®- Mutation Research 1983
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results	RTECS^®- Mutation Research 2003
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results	RTECS^®- Toxicologist 2003
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results	RTECS^®- Toxicologist 2005
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results	RTECS^®- Mutagenesis 2004
One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results	RTECS^®- Toxicologist 2008
One or more animal studies show tumor formation at moderate doses	RTECS^®- Zeitschrift fuer Krebsforschung 1942
One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results	RTECS^®- Zeitschrift fuer Krebsforschung 1942
One or more in vitro tests on microorganisms show positive mutation results	RTECS^®- Mutagenesis 2005

Developmental/reproductive toxicity

Type of concern:	Reference:
Possible human developmental toxicant	California EPA Proposition 65
One or more animal studies show reproductive effects at very low doses	RTECS^®- Gigiena i Sanitariya 1977
One or more animal studies show reproductive effects at very low doses	RTECS^®- Farmakologiya i Toksikologiya (Moscow) 1978
Limited evidence of developmental toxicity	California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, 2003
One or more animal studies show reproductive effects at moderate doses	RTECS^®- Toxicologist 2003

Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)

Type of concern:	Reference:
Known human respiratory toxicant	EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants
One or more animal studies show broad systemic effects at very low doses	RTECS^®- Toxicology 1990
One or more animal studies show liver effects at very low doses	RTECS^®- Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie et de Ses Filiales 1918
One or more animal studies show kidney or renal system effects at very low doses	RTECS^®- Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie et de Ses Filiales 1918
One or more animal studies show cardiovascular effects at low doses	RTECS^®- Pediatric Emergency Care 1997
One or more animal studies show blood effects at low doses	RTECS^®- Pediatric Emergency Care 1997
One or more animal studies show metabolic effects at low doses	RTECS^®- Pediatric Emergency Care 1997
One or more animal studies show gastrointestinal effects at low doses	RTECS^®- Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya 1987
One or more animal studies show broad systemic effects at low doses	RTECS^®- "Vrednie chemichescie veshestva 1993
Classified as toxic or harmful	European Union - Classification & Labelling
Limited evidence of gastrointestinal or liver toxicity	Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004
Limited evidence of sense organ toxicity	Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004
Limited evidence of respiratory toxicity	US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 1996
Limited evidence of gastrointestinal or liver toxicity	Dossing, M, 1985
Limited evidence of cardiovascular or blood toxicity	California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, 2003
Limited evidence of cardiovascular or blood toxicity	A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases, 2003
Limited evidence of kidney toxicity	Merck & Co
One or more animal studies show classified as toxic effects at moderate doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient)	EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs
One or more animal studies show gastrointestinal effects at moderate doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient)	RTECS^®- Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya 1987
One or more animal studies show broad systemic effects at moderate doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient)	RTECS^®- Archivio di Science Biologiche (Bologna) 1938
One or more animal studies show broad systemic effects at moderate doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient)	RTECS^®- "Vrednie chemichescie veshestva 1993
One or more animal studies show gastrointestinal effects at high doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient)	RTECS^®- Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya 1987
One or more animal studies show kidney or renal system effects at high doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient)	RTECS^®- Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya 1987
One or more animal studies show blood effects at high doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient)	RTECS^®- Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya 1987
Classified as not expected to be potentially toxic or harmful	Environment Canada Domestic Substance List
Classified as a low human health priority	Environment Canada Domestic Substance List

Neurotoxicity

Type of concern:	Reference:
One or more animal studies show brain, nervous system, or behavioral effect effects at low doses	RTECS^®- Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya 1987
One or more animal studies show brain, nervous system, or behavioral effect effects at moderate doses	RTECS^®- Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya 1987

Occupational hazards

Type of concern:	Reference:
Allowed workplace exposures restricted to very low doses	RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2006
Allowed workplace exposures restricted to very low doses	RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2007
Allowed workplace exposures restricted to low doses	European Union - Classification & Labelling
Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses	National Library of Medicine HazMap
Single case study detailing occupational hazards	National Library of Medicine HazMap
Single case study detailing occupational hazards	Frazier , L, 1998

Persistence and bioaccumulation

Type of concern:	Reference:
Persistent, bioaccumulative in wildlife	Canada PBTs - Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET)
Not suspected to be bioaccumulative	Environment Canada Domestic Substance List

Endocrine disruption

Type of concern:	Reference:
Limited evidence of endocrine disruption	Keith, L, 1997
endocrine - weight of evidence unknown/unassessed/unreview: published lit review or major tox study	Our Stolen Future Endocrine Disruptors

Biochemical or cellular level changes

Type of concern:	Reference:
One or more animal studies show biochemical changes at very low doses where the human health implications are not yet well understood	RTECS^®- Toxicologist 2005

Ecotoxicology

Type of concern:	Reference:
Wildlife and environmental toxicity	European Union - Classification & Labelling
Wildlife and environmental toxicity	EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants
Not suspected to be an environmental toxin	Environment Canada Domestic Substance List

Multiple, additive exposure sources

Type of concern:	Reference:
Designated as safe for general or specific, limited use in food	FDA Food Additive Status

Government, industry, academic studies and classifications

government/industry list/academic study	appears on list as	classification(s)
European Union - Classification & Labelling	ARSENIC	•Toxic •Toxic by inhalation and ingestion •Dangerous for the environment •Very toxic to aquatic organisms
European Union - Classification & Labelling	ARSENIC COMPOUNDS, WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THOSE SPECIFIED ELSEWHERE IN THIS ANNEX	•Toxic •Toxic by inhalation and ingestion •Dangerous for the environment •Very toxic to aquatic organisms
Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens	ARSENIC, ELEMENTAL AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AS AS	•Confirmed human carcinogen (ACGIH classification A1)
FDA Food Additive Status	ARSENIC	• Used in animal feed • Food additive: food additive for which a petition has been filed and a regulation issued • 2 parts per million - As residue in liver and kidney of swine - CFR556.60 • 2 parts per million - As residue in edible bypdts of chickens and turkeys - same Code of Federal Regulations reference as appears earlier in paragraph • 0.5 parts per million - As residue in muscle meat of chickens and turkeys • in eggs • and in muscle meat and by-products (other than kidney and li
Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics	ARSENIC	• o
Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics Ingredients	ARSENIC	•Prohibited from use in Canadian cosmetics
EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants	ARSENIC	•Priority water pollutant under the Clean Water Act
Environment Canada Domestic Substance List	ARSENIC	•This chemical was deemed a low human health priority and was NOT flagged by CEPA for further attention. The chemical was flagged for suspected persistence.
EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)	ARSENIC, INORGANIC	•Group A: Human carcinogen according (EPA classification)
EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants	ARSENIC COMPOUNDS (INORGANIC INCLUDING ARSINE)	•Hazardous air pollutant under Clean Air Act
National Library of Medicine HazMap	ARSENIC AND COMPOUNDS	•Anemia: Anemia, Aplastic; •Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin or lungs: Yes; •Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male and female reproductive function: Yes;RS: EPA regulates emissions from copper smelters, glass manufacturing plants, and other facilities. EPA also regulates arsenic in water and use of arsenic in pesticides. Inorganic arsenic compounds are no longer
Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens	ARSENIC AND ARSENIC COMPOUNDS	•IARC Group 1: carcinogenic to humans (International Agency for Research on Carcinogens)
Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens	ARSENIC COMPOUNDS	•IARC Group 1: carcinogenic to humans (International Agency for Research on Carcinogens)
NTP Report on Carcinogens, 11th Edition	ARSENIC COMPOUNDS, INORGANIC	•Known human carcinogen (National Toxicology Program classification)
Our Stolen Future Endocrine Disruptors	ARSENIC	•
Canada PBTs - Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET)	ARSENIC COMPOUNDS	•Persistent toxicant under Canada's Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics program - targeted for elimination or reduction
EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs	DISSOLVEDARSENIC	•Toxic, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxics Release Inventory programs
EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs	ARSENIC COMPOUNDS	•Toxic, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxics Release Inventory programs
California EPA Proposition 65	ARSENIC (INORGANIC ARSENIC COMPOUNDS)	•Carcinogen: California Proposition 65
California EPA Proposition 65	ARSENIC (INORGANIC OXIDES)	•Developmental toxin: California Proposition 65
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004	ARSENIC	•Gastrointestinal or liver toxicity hazards: suspected
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004	ARSENIC	•Skin or sense organ toxicity hazards: suspected
Benowitz, N, 1992	ARSENIC	•Cardiovascular or blood toxicity hazards: suspected
US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 1996	ARSENIC	•Respiratory toxicity hazards: suspected
US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 1984	ARSENIC	•Kidney toxicity hazards: suspected
Frazier , L, 1998	ARSENIC	•Reproductive toxicity hazards: suspected
Keith, L, 1997	ARSENIC	•Endocrine toxicity hazards: suspected
Dossing, M, 1985	ARSENIC (ORGANIC OR INORGANIC COMPOUNDS)	•Gastrointestinal or liver toxicity hazards: suspected
California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, 2003	ARSENIC (ORGANIC OR INORGANIC COMPOUNDS)	•Cardiovascular or blood toxicity hazards: suspected
California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, 2003	ARSENIC (ORGANIC OR INORGANIC COMPOUNDS)	•Developmental toxicity hazards: suspected
Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens	ARSENIC (ORGANIC OR INORGANIC COMPOUNDS)	•Cancer hazards: suspected
A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases	ARSENIC COMPOUNDS	•Cancer hazards: suspected
A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases, 2003	ARSENIC COMPOUNDS	•Cardiovascular or blood toxicity hazards: suspected
Merck & Co	ARSENIC COMPOUNDS	•Kidney toxicity hazards: suspected
California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, 2003	ARSENIC COMPOUNDS	•Developmental toxicity hazards: suspected
RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2006	ARSENIC	• occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA)
RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2007	ARSENIC	• occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA)
RTECS^®- "Vrednie chemichescie veshestva 1993	ARSENIC	• broad systemic - Broad systemic toxicity (mouse LD50)
RTECS^®- Archivio di Science Biologiche (Bologna) 1938	ARSENIC	• broad systemic - Broad systemic toxicity (rabbit LDLo)
RTECS^®- Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie et de Ses Filiales 1918	ARSENIC	• liver - Fatty liver degeneration (guinea pig LDLo) • kidney or renal system - Other changes (guinea pig LDLo)
RTECS^®- Farmakologiya i Toksikologiya (Moscow) 1978	ARSENIC	• reproductive - Musculoskeletal system (rat TDLo)
RTECS^®- Gigiena i Sanitariya 1977	ARSENIC	• reproductive - Post-implantation mortality (rat TDLo) • reproductive - Pre-implantation mortality (rat TDLo)
RTECS^®- Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya 1987	ARSENIC	• brain, nervous system, or behavioral effect - Ataxia (mouse LD50) • blood - Changes in cell count (unspecified) (rat TDLo) • gastrointestinal - Hypermotility, diarrhea (mouse LD50) • kidney or renal system - Interstitial nephritis (rat TDLo) • gastrointestinal - Other changes (rat TDLo)
RTECS^®- Human Genetics 1979	ARSENIC	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis ( human unr)
RTECS^®- Human Genetics 1979	ARSENIC	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis ( human unr)
RTECS^®- Mutagenesis 2004	ARSENIC	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis ( human lym)
RTECS^®- Mutagenesis 2005	ARSENIC	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (other fish mul)
RTECS^®- Mutation Research 1983	ARSENIC	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (mouse orl)
RTECS^®- Mutation Research 2003	ARSENIC	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis ( human orl) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange ( human orl)
RTECS^®- Mutation Research 1983	ARSENIC	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (mouse orl)
RTECS^®- Mutation Research 2003	ARSENIC	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis ( human orl) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange ( human orl)
RTECS^®- Pediatric Emergency Care 1997	ARSENIC	• blood - Changes in leucocyte (WBC) count (child TDLo) • cardiovascular - EKG changes not diagnostic of above (child TDLo) • metabolic - Metabolic acidosis (child TDLo)
RTECS^®- Toxicologist 2005	ARSENIC	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (mouse fbr)
RTECS^®- Toxicologist 2005	ARSENIC	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis ( human lng)
RTECS^®- Toxicologist 2005	ARSENIC	• biochemical - Other (mouse TDLo)
RTECS^®- Toxicologist 2003	ARSENIC	• reproductive - Hepatobiliary system (mouse TDLo)
RTECS^®- Toxicologist 2003	ARSENIC	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage ( human lng)
RTECS^®- Toxicologist 2003	ARSENIC	• immune system - Uncharacterized (mouse TDLo)
RTECS^®- Toxicologist 2008	ARSENIC	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage ( human lym)
RTECS^®- Toxicologist 2005	ARSENIC	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (mouse fbr)
RTECS^®- Toxicologist 2005	ARSENIC	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis ( human lng)
RTECS^®- Toxicologist 2003	ARSENIC	• mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage ( human lng)
RTECS^®- Toxicology 1990	ARSENIC	• broad systemic - Broad systemic toxicity (rat LD50)
RTECS^®- Zeitschrift fuer Krebsforschung 1942	ARSENIC	• mutagenic - liver tumor formations - equivocal (rabbit TDLo) • cancer - respiratory tumor formations - equivocal (rabbit TDLo)

references

government/industry list/academic study	reference
European Union - Classification & Labelling	CPS&Q (Consumer Products Safety & Quality) formely known as ECB (European Chemicals Bureau). 2008. Classification and Labelling: Chemicals: Annex VI of Directive 67/548/EEC through the 31st ATP.
Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens	ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) 2008. ACGIH cancer classification system. www.acgih.org.
FDA Food Additive Status	FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) 2006. Food Additive Status List. Downloaded from http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/opa-appa.html, Oct 16, 2006.
Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics	AOEC (Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics). 2009. AEOC exposures codes and asthmagen designation.
Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics Ingredients	Health Canada. 2007. List of Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetic Ingredients. Canada's Cosmetic Ingredient Hotlist. March 2007.
EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants
Environment Canada Domestic Substance List	EC (Environment Canada). 2008. Domestic Substances List Categorization. Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) Environmental Registry.
EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)	EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2008. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Evidence for human carcinogenicity based on 1986-2005 guidelines.
EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants	EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2005. Office of Air. The 112(b)1 Hazardous Air Pollutants List (as modified). Last modified: 12 Dec 2005.
National Library of Medicine HazMap	NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents.
Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens	IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2008. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, as evaluated in IARC Monographs Volumes 1-99 (a total of 935 agents, mixtures and exposures).
NTP Report on Carcinogens, 11th Edition	NTP (National Toxicology Program). 2005. Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program.
Our Stolen Future Endocrine Disruptors	Colborn T, D Dumanoski, JP Myers. 2006. Widespread Pollutants with Endocrine-disrupting Effects. Updated from original listing in "Our Stolen Future" (1996).
Canada PBTs - Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET)	EC (Environment Canada). 1994. Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET). ARET substance list of persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals.
EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs	EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1999. Toxics Release Inventory Program. PBT Chemical Rule.
California EPA Proposition 65	California EPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). 9/2008. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986. Chemicals known to the State to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity.
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Minimal risk Levels for Hazardous Substances. January 2004. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls.html, DiPalma, J.A., J. Cunningham, J. Herrera, T. McCaffery, and D. Wolf. Occupational and Industrial Toxin Exposures and the Gastrointestinal Tract. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 86(9): 1107-1117. 1991. (Table 2: Selected Agents with Purported Digestive System Injury)., US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996., LaDou, J. (ed.). Occupational Medicine. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CN. 1990., Malachowsky, M.J. Health Effects of Toxic Substances. Government Institutes. Rockville, MD 1995., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation., Stacey, N.H. Occupational Toxicology. Taylor & Francis. 1995., Zimmerman, H.J. and J.H. Lewis. Chemical- and Toxin-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 24(4): 1027-1045. 1995. (Table 3: Forms of environmental hepatic injury).
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Minimal risk Levels for Hazardous Substances. January 2004. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls.html, US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, LaDou, J. (ed.). Occupational Medicine. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CN. 1990., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation.
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	Benowitz, N.L. Cardiotoxicity in the Workplace. Occupational Medicine. 7(3): 465-477. 1992. (Table 1: Chemical Toxins and Cardiovascular Disease)., US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996., Kristensen, T. S. Cardiovascular Diseases and the Work Environment. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environmental Health. 15:245-264. 1989. (Table 5: Classification of possible risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the work environment)., LaDou, J. (ed.). Occupational Medicine. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CN. 1990., Malachowsky, M.J. Health Effects of Toxic Substances. Government Institutes. Rockville, MD 1995., California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part III: Technical Support Document 'Determination of Noncancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels'. Includes all Chronic Reference Exposure Levels (CRELs) adopted by OEHHA as of August 2003 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/AllChrels.html, plus draft CRELS proposed through March 2004 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/index.html., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation., Stacey, N.H. Occupational Toxicology. Taylor & Francis. 1995.
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996., LaDou, J. (ed.). Occupational Medicine. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CN. 1990., Lu, F.C. Basic Toxicology. 2nd Edition. 1991., Nemery, B. Metal Toxicity and the Respiratory Tract. European Respiratory Journal. 3(2): 202-219. 1990.(Table 1: Summary of pulmonary toxicity of metals).
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, Landrigan, P.J., Goyer, R.A. Clarkson, T.W., Sandler, D.P., Smith, J.H., Thun, M.J., and R. Wedeen. The Work-Relatedness of Renal Disease. Archives of Environmental Health. 39(3): 225-230. 1984. (Table 2: Estimated Numbers of Workers in the United States with Potential Occupational Exposures to Known or Suspect Nephrotoxins)., Merck & Co. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. TABLE 226-1. Common Nephrotoxic Agents http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/tables/226tb1.htm, Stacey, N.H. Occupational Toxicology. Taylor & Francis. 1995.
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	Frazier , L. and M. L. Hage (eds.). Reproductive Hazards of the Workplace, Wiley Europe, 1998. Table 10 (Partial List of Reproductive Toxicants) available at http://www.pharmacy.ohio-state.edu/homepage/safety/chemhygiene_table_repro.pdf., California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Acute Reference Exposure Levels (RELs), Averaging Times, and Toxicologic Endpoints. Includes all Acute Reference Exposure Levels (ARELs) developed by OEHHA through May 2000http://www.oehha.org/air/acute_rels/allAcRELs.html
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	Keith, L.H. (ed.). Environmental Endocrine Disruptors. John Wiley & Sons, NY. 1997. http://www.wileyeurope.com/cda/product/0,,0471191450%7Cdesc%7C3037,00.html, World Wildlife Fund. Our Stolen Future. Widespread Pollutants with Endocrine-disrupting Effects. http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemlist.htm. The WWF list is derived from references detailed at http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm and was originally published in: Colborn, T., F.S. vom Saal, and A.M. Soto. Developmental Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals In Wildlife and Humans. Environmental Health Perspectives 101(5): 378-384. 1993.
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	Dossing, M. and P. Skinhoj. Occupational Liver Injury. Present State of Knowledge and Future Perspectives. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 56:1-21. 1985. (Table 2: Chemically induced liver injury: morphologic features and examples of confirmed and suspected causative agents)., Zimmerman, H.J. and J.H. Lewis. Chemical- and Toxin-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 24(4): 1027-1045. 1995. (Table 3: Forms of environmental hepatic injury).
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part III: Technical Support Document 'Determination of Noncancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels'. Includes all Chronic Reference Exposure Levels (CRELs) adopted by OEHHA as of August 2003 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/AllChrels.html, plus draft CRELS proposed through March 2004 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/index.html.
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part III: Technical Support Document 'Determination of Noncancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels'. Includes all Chronic Reference Exposure Levels (CRELs) adopted by OEHHA as of August 2003 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/AllChrels.html, plus draft CRELS proposed through March 2004 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/index.html., Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens (July 2004) can be obtained from http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html.-MC
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens (July 2004) can be obtained from http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html.-MC
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs Programme on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lists of Group 1, 2a, and 2b substances can be obtained at http://monographs.iarc.fr/monoeval/grlist.html.
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part III: Technical Support Document 'Determination of Noncancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels'. Includes all Chronic Reference Exposure Levels (CRELs) adopted by OEHHA as of August 2003 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/AllChrels.html, plus draft CRELS proposed through March 2004 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/index.html.
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	Merck & Co. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. TABLE 226-1. Common Nephrotoxic Agents http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/tables/226tb1.htm
Scorecard.org Toxicity Information	California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part III: Technical Support Document 'Determination of Noncancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels'. Includes all Chronic Reference Exposure Levels (CRELs) adopted by OEHHA as of August 2003 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/AllChrels.html, plus draft CRELS proposed through March 2004 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/index.html.
RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2006	RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2006
RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2007	RTECS^®- TLV/BEI,2007
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RTECS^®- Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie et de Ses Filiales 1918	RTECS^®- Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie et de Ses Filiales. (SPPIF, B.P.22, F-41353 Vineuil, France) V.1- 1849- 81,164,1918
RTECS^®- Farmakologiya i Toksikologiya (Moscow) 1978	RTECS^®- Farmakologiya i Toksikologiya (Moscow). For English translation, see PHTXA6 and RPTOAN. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.2- 1939- 41,620,1978
RTECS^®- Gigiena i Sanitariya 1977	RTECS^®- Gigiena i Sanitariya. For English translation, see HYSAAV. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1- 1936- 42(8),30,1977
RTECS^®- Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya 1987	RTECS^®- Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya. Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1-36, 1957-1992. For publisher information, see MTPEEI 31(12),53,1987
RTECS^®- Human Genetics 1979	RTECS^®- Human Genetics. (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., Service Center, 44 Hartz Way, Secaucus, NJ 07094) V.31- 48,1,1979
RTECS^®- Human Genetics 1979	RTECS^®- Human Genetics. (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., Service Center, 44 Hartz Way, Secaucus, NJ 07094) V.31- 1976- 48,1,1979
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RTECS^®- Toxicologist 2005	RTECS^®- Toxicologist. (Soc. of Toxicology, Inc., 475 Wolf Ledge Parkway, Akron, OH 44311) V.1- -1981 44,32,2005
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