National Drinking Water Database
National Drinking Water Database - Chemical Contaminants
1,4-Dioxane
Status: Unregulated - EPA has not established a maximum legal limit in tapwater for this contaminant.
1,4-Dioxane is a stabilizing chemical in industrial solvents and an emerging groundwater pollutant from solvent recycling and plastic manufacturing; it is a probable human carcinogen. [read more]
Detected |
Found above health guidelines |
Found above legal limit |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| States | 4 |
3 |
- |
| Water utilities | 20 |
8 |
- |
| People Served | 1,026,435 |
498,209 |
- |
Health Concerns for 1,4-Dioxane:
- Cancer
- Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
- Allergies/immunotoxicity
- Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs)
- Developmental/reproductive toxicity
- Occupational hazards
- Ecotoxicology
- Persistence and bioaccumulation
- Neurotoxicity
- Miscellaneous
1,4-Dioxane Exposure by State
Water utilities in 4 states have reported detecting 1,4-Dioxane in treated tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies.
| State | Water Suppliers with 1,4-Dioxane contamination | Water suppliers reporting 1,4-Dioxane above health-based limits | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systems | Population | Systems | Population | |
| California | 16 | 994,395 | 6 | 495,006 |
| Michigan | 2 | 8,709 | 1 | 3,173 |
| New Hampshire | 1 | 30 | 1 | 30 |
| Massachusetts | 1 | 23,301 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | 20 | 1,026,435 | 8 | 498,209 |
The Most Polluted Communities
20 water utilities reported detecting 1,4-Dioxane in tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies
Ranked by highest average 1,4-Dioxane level
| Rank | System | Population Served | Positive test results of total reported tests | Average Level (Range) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Howard Manor Condominiums Plaistow, NH | 30 | 1 of 1 | 5 ppb (5 ppb) |
| 2 | Santa Monica-City, Water Division Santa Monica, CA | 84,184 | 14 of 16 | 4.8 ppb (0 to 7.3 ppb) |
| 3 | California Water Service Co. - Ela Montebello, CA | 151,042 | 53 of 60 | 4.04 ppb (0 to 8 ppb) |
| 4 | Park WC - Bellflower-Norwalk Downey, CA | 71,000 | 12 of 12 | 3.88 ppb (3.05 to 5.59 ppb) |
| 5 | City of Clare Clare, MI | 3,173 | 11 of 12 | 3.07 ppb (0 to 7.67 ppb) |
| 6 | Tract 349 Mutual Water Co. Cudahy, CA | 7,500 | 14 of 15 | 2.42 ppb (0 to 4.7 ppb) |
| 7 | City of Davison Davison, MI | 5,536 | 1 of 1 | 2 ppb (2 ppb) |
| 8 | Gswc - Norwalk Santa Fe Springs, CA | 31,320 | 3 of 3 | 1.82 ppb (1.6 to 2.17 ppb) |
| 9 | South Gate-City, Water Dept. South Gate, CA | 82,550 | 12 of 14 | 1.44 ppb (0 to 3.7 ppb) |
| 10 | Burlington Water Dept Burlington, MA | 23,301 | 12 of 12 | 0.98 ppb (0.14 to 1.47 ppb) |
Health Based Limits for 1,4-Dioxane
| Standard | Description | Level |
|---|---|---|
| One in one million (10-6) Cancer Risk | The concentration of a chemical in drinking water corresponding to an excess estimated lifetime cancer risk of 1 in 1,000,000. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 3 ppb |
| One in ten thousand (10-4) Cancer Risk | The concentration of a chemical in drinking water corresponding to an excess estimated lifetime cancer risk of 1 in 10,000. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 300 ppb |
| Children's health-based limit for 10-day exposure | Concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse, noncarcinogenic effects for up to ten days of exposure. The Ten-Day health-based limit (or Health Advisory, HA) is typically set to protect a 10-kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 400 ppb |
| Children's health-based limit for 1-day exposure | Concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects for up to one day of exposure. The One-Day health-based limit (or Health Advisory, HA) is typically set to protect a 10-kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 4000 ppb |
Testing Summary for 1,4-Dioxane
| Are tests routinely required for 1,4-Dioxane by federal law? | No |
| Water suppliers reporting tests for 1,4-Dioxane (2004-2009): | 96 of 47,576 |
| Average testing rate for water supplier reporting tests (2004-2009): | 2.1 per year |
Cancer
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Possible human carcinogen | EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) |
| Possible human carcinogen | NTP Report on Carcinogens, 11th Edition |
| Possible human carcinogen | California EPA Proposition 65 |
| Cancer - strong evidence | Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens |
| Limited evidence of carcinogenicity | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Limited evidence of carcinogenicity | Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens |
| Limited evidence of carcinogenicity | Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens |
| Limited evidence of carcinogenicity | NIOSH Occupational Carcinogens |
| Cancer - limited evidence | Silent Spring's Mammary Carcinogens Reviews Database |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1992 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland) 1990 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Personal Communication from J 1982 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology 1981 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1981 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1994 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1988 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1987 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 2005 |
Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Known human respiratory toxicant | EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants |
| Classified as a high human health priority | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
| One or more animal studies show sense organ effects at very low doses | RTECS®- American Journal of Ophthalmology 1946 |
| Classified as expected to be toxic or harmful | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
| One or more animal studies show classified as toxic effects at low doses | EPA Categorized List of Inert Pesticide Ingredients |
| One or more animal studies show sense organ effects at low doses | RTECS®- "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J 1986 |
| One or more animal studies show sense organ effects at low doses | RTECS®- Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 1959 |
| Limited evidence of gastrointestinal or liver toxicity | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
| Limited evidence of sense organ toxicity | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 2000 |
| Limited evidence of respiratory toxicity | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 2000 |
| Limited evidence of kidney toxicity | A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases, 2003 |
| Limited evidence of cardiovascular or blood toxicity | California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, 2003 |
| Limited evidence of gastrointestinal or liver toxicity | California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, 2003 |
| One or more animal studies show classified as toxic effects at moderate doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient) | EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs |
| One or more animal studies show sense organ effects at high doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient) | RTECS®- National Cancer Institute Carcinogenesis Technical Report Series 1978 |
| One or more animal studies show sense organ effects at high doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient) | RTECS®- Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 1946 |
Allergies/immunotoxicity
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Limited evidence of immune system toxicity or allergies | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs)
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Classified as irritant | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| One or more animal studies show skin irritation at moderate doses | RTECS®- Union Carbide Data Sheet 1971 |
Developmental/reproductive toxicity
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| One or more animal studies show reproductive effects at high doses | RTECS®- Toxicology Letters 1985 |
Occupational hazards
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2005 |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006 |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses | RTECS®- MSHA STANDARD-air: 3,94,1971 |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Gen Indu): 29,1910 1994 |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Construc): 29,1926 1994 |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Shipyard): 29,1915 1993 |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Fed Cont): 41,50-204 1994 |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 |
Ecotoxicology
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Not suspected to be an environmental toxin | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
Persistence and bioaccumulation
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Not suspected to be bioaccumulative | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
Neurotoxicity
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| nervous system - weight of evidence unknown/unassessed/unreview: published lit review or major tox study | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
Miscellaneous
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Occupational hazards related to handling | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
Government, industry, academic studies and classifications
| government/industry list/academic study | appears on list as | classification(s) |
| European Union - Classification & Labelling | 1,4-DIOXANE | •Highly flammable •Highly flammable •Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect •Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect •Irritant (eyes, skin, or lungs) •Irritating to eyes and respiratory system •Repeated exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking |
| Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens | 1,4-DIOXANE | •Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (ACGIH classification A3) |
| Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics | DIOXANE | • S |
| Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics | DIOXANE | • S |
| Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics Ingredients | DIOXANE | •Prohibited from use in Canadian cosmetics |
| Environment Canada Domestic Substance List | 1,4-DIOXANE | •This chemical was deemed a high human health priority and was flagged by CEPA for further attention. The chemical is suspected to be carcinogenic and persistent. |
| EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) | 1,4-DIOXANE | •Group B2: Probable human carcinogen - sufficient data in animals (EPA classification) |
| European Union - Banned or Restricted in Cosmetics | DIOXANE | •Prohibited in EU cosmetics: must not form part of the composition of cosmetic products |
| EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants | 1,4-DIOXANE (1,4-DIETHYLENEOXIDE) | •Hazardous air pollutant under Clean Air Act |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | DIOXANE | •Skin Designation (ACGIH) - Danger of cutaneous absorption (ACGIH): Yes; •Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin or lungs: Yes; •Hepatotoxin: Hepatotoxin, Secondary; •Nephrotoxin: Yes; •Neurotoxin: CNS Solvent Syndrome; •PEL (OSHA) - Permissible exposure limit (OSHA): 100 ppm; •LC50 - Lethal concentration in 50% of animals tested: 16174 ppm; •IARC Carcinogen - International Agency for Research on Cancer; classifies chemicals as established (1), probable (2a), or possible (2b) human carcinogens: Possible Carcinogen; •TLV (ACGIH) - Threshold limit value (ACGIH): 20 ppm; •Flammability (NFPA) - NFPA flammability code: 0 = will not burn; 1 = must be preheated; 2 = high ambient temp required; 3 = may ignite at ambient temp; 4 = burn readily: 3: may ignite at ambient temperature; •IDLH (NIOSH) - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health: 500 ppm; •Odor Threshold High - The lowest concentration at which a substance can be detected or recognized using the sense of smell: 172 ppm; •Odor Threshold Low - The lowest concentration at which a substance can be detected or recognized using the sense of smell: 0.8 ppm; •MAK - Maximum Allowable Concentration (Federal Republic of Germany): 20 ppm; |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | 1,4-DIOXANE | •IARC Group 2B: possible human carcinogen (International Agency for Research on Carcinogens) |
| EPA Categorized List of Inert Pesticide Ingredients | DIOXANE | •Pesticide inerts of toxicological concern according to EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) |
| NIOSH Occupational Carcinogens | DIOXANE | •Potential occupational carcinogen according to NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) |
| NTP Report on Carcinogens, 11th Edition | 1,4-DIOXANE | •Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen (National Toxicology Program classification) |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | 1,4-DIOXANE | •Toxic, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxics Release Inventory programs |
| California EPA Proposition 65 | 1,4-DIOXANE | •Carcinogen: California Proposition 65 |
| US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 2000 | 1,4-DIOXANE | •Skin or sense organ toxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 2000 | 1,4-DIOXANE | •Respiratory toxicity hazards: suspected |
| A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases, 2003 | 1,4-DIOXANE | •Kidney toxicity hazards: suspected |
| California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, 2003 | 1,4-DIOXANE | •Cardiovascular or blood toxicity hazards: suspected |
| California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, 2003 | 1,4-DIOXANE | •Gastrointestinal or liver toxicity hazards: suspected |
| Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens | 1,4-DIOXANE | •Cancer hazards: recognized |
| Silent Spring's Mammary Carcinogens Reviews Database | 1,4-DIOXANE | •Chemicals Shown to Cause Mammary Gland Tumors in Animal Studies |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2005 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J 1986 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • sense organ - Primary eye irritant (rabbit ) |
| RTECS®- American Journal of Ophthalmology 1946 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • sense organ - Primary eye irritant (rabbit ) |
| RTECS®- American Journal of Ophthalmology 1946 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • sense organ - Primary eye irritant (rabbit ) |
| RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology 1981 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems (rat ivn) |
| RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology 1981 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: other mutation test systems (rat ivn) |
| RTECS®- Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland) 1990 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (rat orl) |
| RTECS®- Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland) 1990 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (rat orl) |
| RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1992 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Inhibition ( human hla) |
| RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1992 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Inhibition ( human hla) |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1987 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange (hamster ovr) |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1988 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (mouse fbr) |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1987 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Sister Chromatid Exchange (hamster ovr) |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1988 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (mouse fbr) |
| RTECS®- Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 1946 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • sense organ - Primary eye irritant ( human ) |
| RTECS®- Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 1959 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • sense organ - Primary eye irritant (guinea pig ) |
| RTECS®- Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 1959 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • sense organ - Primary eye irritant (guinea pig ) |
| RTECS®- MSHA STANDARD-air: 3,94,1971 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • occupationally related - MSHA STANDARD-air (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1994 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (mouse orl) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1994 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (mouse orl) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2005 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (mouse scu) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (mouse scu) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1994 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (mouse orl) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1994 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (mouse orl) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 2005 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (mouse scu) • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Micronucleus test (mouse scu) |
| RTECS®- National Cancer Institute Carcinogenesis Technical Report Series 1978 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • mutagenic - liver tumors (rat TDLo) • sense organ - Tumors (rat TDLo) |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Construc): 29,1926 1994 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • occupationally related - OSHA PEL (Construc) (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Fed Cont): 41,50-204 1994 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • occupationally related - OSHA PEL (Fed Cont) (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Gen Indu): 29,1910 1994 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • occupationally related - OSHA PEL (Gen Indu) (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Shipyard): 29,1915 1993 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • occupationally related - OSHA PEL (Shipyard) (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- Personal Communication from J 1982 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (rat lvr) |
| RTECS®- Personal Communication from J 1982 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA Damage (rat lvr) |
| RTECS®- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1981 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (rat orl) |
| RTECS®- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1981 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (rat orl) |
| RTECS®- Toxicology Letters 1985 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • reproductive - Fetotoxicity (rat TDLo) |
| RTECS®- Union Carbide Data Sheet 1971 | 1,4-DIOXANE | • skin - Primary skin irritant (rabbit ) |
references
| government/industry list/academic study | reference |
| European Union - Classification & Labelling | CPS&Q (Consumer Products Safety & Quality) formely known as ECB (European Chemicals Bureau). 2008. Classification and Labelling: Chemicals: Annex VI of Directive 67/548/EEC through the 31st ATP. |
| Amer Conf of Gov't Industrial Hygienists - Carcinogens | ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) 2008. ACGIH cancer classification system. www.acgih.org. |
| Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics | AOEC (Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics). 2009. AEOC exposures codes and asthmagen designation. |
| Canada - Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetics Ingredients | Health Canada. 2007. List of Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetic Ingredients. Canada's Cosmetic Ingredient Hotlist. March 2007. |
| Environment Canada Domestic Substance List | EC (Environment Canada). 2008. Domestic Substances List Categorization. Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) Environmental Registry. |
| EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2008. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Evidence for human carcinogenicity based on 1986-2005 guidelines. |
| European Union - Banned or Restricted in Cosmetics | EC (European Commission of the European Union). 1999-2006. Enterprise Directorate-General Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics. The rules governing cosmetic products in the European Union, Volume 1, "Cosmetics legislation." |
| EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2005. Office of Air. The 112(b)1 Hazardous Air Pollutants List (as modified). Last modified: 12 Dec 2005. |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents. |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2008. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, as evaluated in IARC Monographs Volumes 1-99 (a total of 935 agents, mixtures and exposures). |
| EPA Categorized List of Inert Pesticide Ingredients | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1987 & 2005. Office of Pesticide Programs. Inert (other) Pesticide Ingredients in Pesticide Products - Categorized List of Inert (other) Pesticide Ingredients. |
| NIOSH Occupational Carcinogens | NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health). 2006. NIOSH Carcinogens List (Potential occupational carcinogens). http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npotocca.html. |
| NTP Report on Carcinogens, 11th Edition | NTP (National Toxicology Program). 2005. Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program. |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1999. Toxics Release Inventory Program. PBT Chemical Rule. |
| California EPA Proposition 65 | California EPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). 9/2008. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986. Chemicals known to the State to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Acute Reference Exposure Levels (RELs), Averaging Times, and Toxicologic Endpoints. Includes all Acute Reference Exposure Levels (ARELs) developed by OEHHA through May 2000http://www.oehha.org/air/acute_rels/allAcRELs.html, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Acute Reference Exposure Levels (RELs), Averaging Times, and Toxicologic Endpoints. Includes all Acute Reference Exposure Levels (ARELs) developed by OEHHA through May 2000http://www.oehha.org/air/acute_rels/allAcRELs.html, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html, California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part III: Technical Support Document 'Determination of Noncancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels'. Includes all Chronic Reference Exposure Levels (CRELs) adopted by OEHHA as of August 2003 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/AllChrels.html, plus draft CRELS proposed through March 2004 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/index.html., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part III: Technical Support Document 'Determination of Noncancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels'. Includes all Chronic Reference Exposure Levels (CRELs) adopted by OEHHA as of August 2003 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/AllChrels.html, plus draft CRELS proposed through March 2004 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/index.html., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part III: Technical Support Document 'Determination of Noncancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels'. Includes all Chronic Reference Exposure Levels (CRELs) adopted by OEHHA as of August 2003 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/AllChrels.html, plus draft CRELS proposed through March 2004 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/index.html., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens (July 2004) can be obtained from http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html. |
| Silent Spring's Mammary Carcinogens Reviews Database | Rudel RA, KR Attfield, JN Schifano and JG Brody. Chemicals Causing Mammary Gland Tumors in Animals Signal New Directions for Epidemiology, Chemicals Testing, and Risk Assessment for Breast Cancer Prevention. CANCER Supplement. 2007 Jun 15;109(12):2635-2666. |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2005 | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2005 |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006 | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006 |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 |
| RTECS®- "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J 1986 | RTECS®- "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J., Prague, Czechoslovakia, Avicenum, 1986 -,810,1986 |
| RTECS®- American Journal of Ophthalmology 1946 | RTECS®- American Journal of Ophthalmology. (Ophthalmic Pub. Co., 435 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 1415, Chicago, IL 60611) Series 3: V.1- 1918- 29,1363,1946 |
| RTECS®- American Journal of Ophthalmology 1946 | RTECS®- American Journal of Ophthalmology. (Ophthalmic Pub. Co., 435 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 1415, Chicago, IL 60611) Series 3: V.1- 29,1363,1946 |
| RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology 1981 | RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology. (Springer-Verlag, Heidelberger Pl. 3, D-1000 Berlin 33, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.32- 1974- 49,29,1981 |
| RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology 1981 | RTECS®- Archives of Toxicology. (Springer-Verlag, Heidelberger Pl. 3, D-1000 Berlin 33, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.32- 49,29,1981 |
| RTECS®- Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland) 1990 | RTECS®- Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland). (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 53,67,1990 |
| RTECS®- Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland) 1990 | RTECS®- Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland). (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1975- 53,67,1990 |
| RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London) 1992 | RTECS®- Carcinogenesis (London). (Oxford Univ. Press, Pinkhill House, Southfield Road, Eynsham, Oxford OX8 1JJ, UK) V.1- 1980- 13,2389,1992 |
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| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1987 | RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.10- 1987- 10(Suppl 10),1,1987 |
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| RTECS®- Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 1946 | RTECS®- Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. (Cambridge, MA) V.18-31, 1936-49. For publisher information, see AEHLAU. 28,262,1946 |
| RTECS®- Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 1959 | RTECS®- Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. (Pharmaceutical Soc. of Great Britain, 1 Lambeth High St., London SEI 7JN, UK) V.1- 11,150,1959 |
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| RTECS®- MSHA STANDARD-air: 3,94,1971 | RTECS®- MSHA STANDARD-air: 3,94,1971 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1994 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 322,142,1994 |
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| RTECS®- National Cancer Institute Carcinogenesis Technical Report Series 1978 | RTECS®- National Cancer Institute Carcinogenesis Technical Report Series. (Bethesda, MD) No.0-205. For publisher information, see NTPTR*. NCI-TR-80,1978 |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Construc): 29,1926 1994 | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Construc): 29,1926.55,1994 |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Fed Cont): 41,50-204 1994 | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Fed Cont): 41,50-204.50,1994 |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Gen Indu): 29,1910 1994 | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Gen Indu): 29,1910.1000,1994 |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Shipyard): 29,1915 1993 | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Shipyard): 29,1915.1000,1993 |
| RTECS®- Personal Communication from J 1982 | RTECS®- Personal Communication from J.F. Sina, Merck Institute for Therapeutic Research, West Point, PA 19486, Oct. 26, 1982 26OCT1982 |
| RTECS®- Personal Communication from J 1982 | RTECS®- Personal Communication from J.F. Sina, Merck Institute for Therapeutic Research, West Point, PA 19486, Oct. 26, 1982 26OCT1982 |
| RTECS®- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1981 | RTECS®- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959- 60,287,1981 |
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| RTECS®- Union Carbide Data Sheet 1971 | RTECS®- Union Carbide Data Sheet. (Union Carbide Corp., 39 Old Ridgebury Rd., Danbury, CT 06817) 12/17/1971 |
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