National Drinking Water Database
National Drinking Water Database - Chemical Contaminants
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Status: Regulated - EPA has established a maximum legal limit in tapwater for this contaminant.
1,1,1-Trichloroethane is an industrial cleaning solvent that contaminates drinking water sources due to releases from metal degreasing sites and chemicals factories. [read more]
Detected |
Found above health guidelines |
Found above legal limit |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| States | 32 |
- |
- |
| Water utilities | 257 |
- |
- |
| People Served | 6,855,222 |
- |
- |
Health Concerns for 1,1,1-Trichloroethane:
- Neurotoxicity
- Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
- Developmental/reproductive toxicity
- Occupational hazards
- Cancer
- Allergies/immunotoxicity
- Biochemical or cellular level changes
- Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs)
- Ecotoxicology
- Persistence and bioaccumulation
1,1,1-Trichloroethane Exposure by State
Water utilities in 32 states have reported detecting 1,1,1-Trichloroethane in treated tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies.
| State | Water Suppliers with 1,1,1-Trichloroethane contamination | |
|---|---|---|
| Systems | Population | |
| California | 13 | 1,852,144 |
| Pennsylvania | 40 | 1,235,032 |
| New Jersey | 33 | 952,230 |
| New York | 33 | 800,303 |
| Wisconsin | 26 | 309,425 |
| Massachusetts | 15 | 305,379 |
| Washington | 11 | 263,122 |
| Delaware | 5 | 240,284 |
| Illinois | 12 | 195,931 |
| Connecticut | 10 | 195,150 |
| Indiana | 6 | 134,846 |
| Florida | 5 | 93,637 |
| Minnesota | 4 | 79,528 |
| Iowa | 2 | 71,012 |
| Oregon | 1 | 30,500 |
| Ohio | 9 | 27,602 |
| Nebraska | 2 | 23,200 |
| Maine | 3 | 15,130 |
| New Hampshire | 5 | 5,266 |
| North Carolina | 2 | 4,875 |
| Maryland | 1 | 4,000 |
| Alabama | 1 | 3,600 |
| New Mexico | 2 | 3,001 |
| Missouri | 1 | 2,779 |
| Virginia | 4 | 2,548 |
| Michigan | 1 | 2,350 |
| Alaska | 3 | 818 |
| Arkansas | 1 | 778 |
| Texas | 2 | 296 |
| Wyoming | 1 | 254 |
| Vermont | 1 | 110 |
| Nevada | 2 | 92 |
| Total | 257 | 6,855,222 |
The Most Polluted Communities
257 water utilities reported detecting 1,1,1-Trichloroethane in tap water since 2004, according to EWG's analysis of water quality data supplied by state water agencies
Ranked by highest average 1,1,1-Trichloroethane level
| Rank | System | Population Served | Positive test results of total reported tests | Average Level (Range) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bets Water System Oak Harbor, WA | 50 | 10 of 10 | 50 ppb (39 to 61 ppb) |
| 2 | Village of Malta Malta, OH | 697 | 3 of 5 | 29.1 ppb (0 to 61 ppb) |
| 3 | Grafton Water District Grafton, MA | 9,800 | 19 of 27 | 9.37 ppb (0 to 58.2 ppb) |
| 4 | Valley View Mobile Home Park King Of Prussia, PA | 750 | 8 of 8 | 8.21 ppb (6.3 to 11.6 ppb) |
| 5 | North Glen Water Association Colbert, WA | 104 | 7 of 7 | 5.39 ppb (4.8 to 6 ppb) |
| 6 | Hillview Village Hinsdale, NY | 138 | 2 of 2 | 5.38 ppb (0.75 to 10 ppb) |
| 7 | City of Milford Milford, OH | 6,400 | 18 of 24 | 5.08 ppb (0 to 18.03 ppb) |
| 8 | Franklin Water Dept MA | 28,802 | 9 of 11 | 5.04 ppb (0 to 9.8 ppb) |
| 9 | Witches Brook Water Company Townsend, MA | 1,984 | 8 of 9 | 4.41 ppb (0 to 12.5 ppb) |
| 10 | Grafton Waterworks Grafton, WI | 13,310 | 23 of 30 | 4.21 ppb (0 to 17.68 ppb) |
Health Based Limits for 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
| Standard | Description | Level |
|---|---|---|
| Maximum Contaminant Limit (MCL) | The enforceable standard which defines the highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to health-based limits (Maximum Contaminant Level Goals, or MCLGs) as feasible using the best available analytical and treatment technologies and taking cost into consideration. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 200 ppb |
| Maximum Contaminant Limit Goal (MCLG) | A non-enforceable health goal that is set at a level at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons occurs and which allows an adequate margin of safety. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 200 ppb |
| Lifetime health-based limit, non-cancer risk | Concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects for a lifetime of exposure. The Lifetime health-based limit (or Health Advisory, HA) is based on exposure for a a 70-kg adult consuming 2 liters of water per day. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 200 ppb |
| California Public Health Goals | Defined by the State of California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) as the level of contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. For acutely toxic substances, levels are set at which scientific evidence indicates that no known or anticipated adverse effects on health will occur, plus an adequate margin-of safety. PHGs for carcinogens or other substances which can cause chronic disease shall be based solely on health effects without regard to cost impacts and shall be set at levels which OEHHA has determined do not pose any significant risk to health. | 1000 ppb |
| Drinking Water Equivalent Level | A lifetime exposure concentration protective of adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects, that assumes all of the exposure to a contaminant is from drinking water. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 1000 ppb |
| Children's health-based limit for 10-day exposure | Concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse, noncarcinogenic effects for up to ten days of exposure. The Ten-Day health-based limit (or Health Advisory, HA) is typically set to protect a 10-kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 40000 ppb |
| Children's health-based limit for 1-day exposure | Concentration of a chemical in drinking water that is not expected to cause any adverse, noncarcinogenic health effects for up to one day of exposure. The One-Day health-based limit (or Health Advisory, HA) is typically set to protect a 10-kg child consuming 1 liter of water per day. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 100000 ppb |
Testing Summary for 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
| Are tests routinely required for 1,1,1-Trichloroethane by federal law? | Yes |
| Water suppliers reporting tests for 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (2004-2009): | 33,972 of 47,576 |
| Average testing rate for water supplier reporting tests (2004-2009): | 0.6 per year |
Violation Summary for 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency includes the following violations of federal standards for 1,1,1-Trichloroethane since 2004
| Maximum Contaminant Level Exceedance Violations | 0 |
| Monitoring Violations | 4,300 |
| Reporting Violations | 0 |
Neurotoxicity
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Strong evidence of human neurotoxicity | Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans |
| Limited evidence of nervous system toxicity | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
Organ system toxicity (non-reproductive)
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Known human respiratory toxicant | EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants |
| Known human gastrointestinal toxicant | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
| One or more animal studies show sense organ effects at very low doses | RTECS®- "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J 1986 |
| Possible human musculoskeletal toxicant | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
| Possible human gastrointestinal toxicant | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
| Possible human cardiovascular toxicant | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
| Limited evidence of cardiovascular or blood toxicity | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 1996 |
| Limited evidence of gastrointestinal toxicity | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
| Limited evidence of gastrointestinal or liver toxicity | National Library of Medicine HazMap |
| One or more animal studies show sense organ effects at moderate doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient) | RTECS®- American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 1958 |
| One or more animal studies show classified as toxic effects at moderate doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient) | EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs |
| One or more animal studies show effects at moderate doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient) | EPA Categorized List of Inert Pesticide Ingredients |
| One or more animal studies show gastrointestinal effects at high doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient) | RTECS®- National Technical Information Service |
| One or more animal studies show kidney or renal system effects at high doses (low dose studies may be unavailable for this ingredient) | RTECS®- National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series 4402 |
| Classified as not expected to be potentially toxic or harmful | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
| Classified as a low human health priority | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
Developmental/reproductive toxicity
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Human developmental toxicant - moderate evidence | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
| Human nervous system toxicant - moderate evidence | Chemicals known to be neurotoxic to humans |
| Limited evidence of developmental toxicity | US EPA, 9204 |
| Limited evidence of reproductive toxicity | US EPA, 9204 |
| One or more animal studies show reproductive effects at moderate doses | RTECS®- Teratology, The International Journal of Abnormal Development 1984 |
Occupational hazards
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to low doses | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses | RTECS®- MSHA STANDARD-air: 3,161,1971 |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Gen Indu): 29,1910 1994 |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006 |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Construc): 29,1926 1994 |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Shipyard): 29,1915 1993 |
| Allowed workplace exposures restricted to high doses | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Fed Cont): 41,50-204 1994 |
Cancer
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Cancer - limited evidence | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
| Cancer - limited evidence | Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1988 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland) 1985 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- In Vitro 1978 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Progress in Mutation Research 1981 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Environmental Science Research 1982 |
| One or more in vitro tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1987 |
| Cancer - not classifiable/not likely to be human carcinogen | EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry 1987 |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Mutation Research 1998 |
| One or more in vitro tests non-mammalian cells show positive mutation results | RTECS®- Progress in Mutation Research 1981 |
| Cancer - not classifiable/not likely to be human carcinogen | Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens |
Allergies/immunotoxicity
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Limited evidence of immune toxicity or allergies | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
Biochemical or cellular level changes
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Cancer - moderate evidence - immune system | CHE Toxicant and Disease Database |
Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs)
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| One or more animal studies show skin irritation at low doses | RTECS®- "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J 1986 |
| One or more animal studies show skin irritation at moderate doses | RTECS®- American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 1958 |
Ecotoxicology
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Wildlife and environmental toxicity | European Union - Classification & Labelling |
| Wildlife and environmental toxicity | EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants |
| Not suspected to be an environmental toxin | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
Persistence and bioaccumulation
| Type of concern: | Reference: |
| Not suspected to be bioaccumulative | Environment Canada Domestic Substance List |
Government, industry, academic studies and classifications
| government/industry list/academic study | appears on list as | classification(s) |
| European Union - Classification & Labelling | 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE | •Harmful •Harmful by inhalation •Dangerous for the environment •Dangerous for the ozone layer |
| Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics | METHYL CHLOROFORM | • S |
| Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics | METHYL CHLOROFORM | • S |
| Cosmetic Ingredient Review Assessments | TRICHLOROETHANE | •Safe for use in cosmetics with some qualifications |
| EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants | 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE | •Priority water pollutant under the Clean Water Act |
| Environment Canada Domestic Substance List | ETHANE, 1,1,1-TRICHLORO- | •This chemical was deemed a low human health priority and was NOT flagged by CEPA for further attention. The chemical was flagged for suspected persistence. |
| EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) | 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE | •Group D: Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity (EPA classification) |
| EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants | METHYL CHLOROFORM (1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE) | •Hazardous air pollutant under Clean Air Act |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE | •Restricted - Regulations that have banned or restricted the use of the agent: 'Because 1,1,1-trichloroethane damages the ozone layer, production in the United States was phased out in 1996, but supplies as a raw material will be available until the year 2002.' [ATSDR Medical Management]; •Hepatotoxin: Hepatotoxin, Secondary;NT: CNS |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE | •IARC Group 3 (no cancer link) |
| EPA Categorized List of Inert Pesticide Ingredients | 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE | •Pesticide inerts: potentially toxic, testing priority, according to EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | 1,1,1TRICHLOROETHANE | •Toxic, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxics Release Inventory programs |
| DiPalma, J, 1107 | 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE | •Gastrointestinal or liver toxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center, 1996 | 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE | •Cardiovascular or blood toxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, 9204 | 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE | •Developmental toxicity hazards: suspected |
| US EPA, 9204 | 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE | •Reproductive toxicity hazards: suspected |
| Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens | TRICHLOROETHANE (ALL ISOMERS) | •Cancer hazards: suspected |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006 | TRICHLOROETHANE | • occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 | TRICHLOROETHANE | • occupationally related - ACGIH TLV (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J 1986 | TRICHLOROETHANE | • sense organ - Primary eye irritant (rabbit ) • skin - Primary skin irritant (rabbit ) |
| RTECS®- American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 1958 | TRICHLOROETHANE | • sense organ - Primary eye irritant (rabbit ) • skin - Primary skin irritant (rabbit ) |
| RTECS®- American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 1958 | TRICHLOROETHANE | • sense organ - Primary eye irritant (rabbit ) • skin - Primary skin irritant (rabbit ) |
| RTECS®- Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland) 1985 | TRICHLOROETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (mouse emb) |
| RTECS®- Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland) 1985 | TRICHLOROETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (mouse emb) |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1987 | TRICHLOROETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (hamster ovr) |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1988 | TRICHLOROETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (mouse lym) |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1987 | TRICHLOROETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Cytogenetic Analysis (hamster ovr) |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1988 | TRICHLOROETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (mouse lym) |
| RTECS®- Environmental Science Research 1982 | TRICHLOROETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (hamster emb) |
| RTECS®- Environmental Science Research 1982 | TRICHLOROETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (hamster emb) |
| RTECS®- In Vitro 1978 | TRICHLOROETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (rat emb) |
| RTECS®- MSHA STANDARD-air: 3,161,1971 | TRICHLOROETHANE | • occupationally related - MSHA STANDARD-air (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1998 | TRICHLOROETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Gene Conversion and Mitotic Recombination (Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1998 | TRICHLOROETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Gene Conversion and Mitotic Recombination (Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) |
| RTECS®- National Technical Information Service | TRICHLOROETHANE | • gastrointestinal - Hypermotility, diarrhea ( human TDLo) • gastrointestinal - Nausea or vomiting ( human TDLo) • gastrointestinal - Other changes ( human TDLo) |
| RTECS®- National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series 4402 | TRICHLOROETHANE | • kidney or renal system - Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular (rat TDLo) |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Construc): 29,1926 1994 | TRICHLOROETHANE | • occupationally related - OSHA PEL (Construc) (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Fed Cont): 41,50-204 1994 | TRICHLOROETHANE | • occupationally related - OSHA PEL (Fed Cont) (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Gen Indu): 29,1910 1994 | TRICHLOROETHANE | • occupationally related - OSHA PEL (Gen Indu) (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Shipyard): 29,1915 1993 | TRICHLOROETHANE | • occupationally related - OSHA PEL (Shipyard) (human TWA) |
| RTECS®- Progress in Mutation Research 1981 | TRICHLOROETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA repair (Escherichia coli ) |
| RTECS®- Progress in Mutation Research 1981 | TRICHLOROETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (hamster kdy) |
| RTECS®- Progress in Mutation Research 1981 | TRICHLOROETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: DNA repair (Escherichia coli ) |
| RTECS®- Progress in Mutation Research 1981 | TRICHLOROETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Morphological Transform (hamster kdy) |
| RTECS®- Teratology, The International Journal of Abnormal Development 1984 | TRICHLOROETHANE | • reproductive - Cardiovascular (rat TDLo) |
| RTECS®- Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry 1987 | TRICHLOROETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (Salmonella typhimurium ) |
| RTECS®- Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry 1987 | TRICHLOROETHANE | • mutagenic - Positive mutation assay: Mutation in Micro-organism (Salmonella typhimurium ) |
references
| government/industry list/academic study | reference |
| European Union - Classification & Labelling | CPS&Q (Consumer Products Safety & Quality) formely known as ECB (European Chemicals Bureau). 2008. Classification and Labelling: Chemicals: Annex VI of Directive 67/548/EEC through the 31st ATP. |
| Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics | AOEC (Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics). 2009. AEOC exposures codes and asthmagen designation. |
| Cosmetic Ingredient Review Assessments | CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review). 2006. CIR Compendium, containing abstracts, discussions, and conclusions of CIR cosmetic ingredient safety assessments. Washington DC. |
| EPA Clean Water Act - Priority Pollutants | |
| Environment Canada Domestic Substance List | EC (Environment Canada). 2008. Domestic Substances List Categorization. Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) Environmental Registry. |
| EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2008. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Evidence for human carcinogenicity based on 1986-2005 guidelines. |
| EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2005. Office of Air. The 112(b)1 Hazardous Air Pollutants List (as modified). Last modified: 12 Dec 2005. |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents. |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2008. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, as evaluated in IARC Monographs Volumes 1-99 (a total of 935 agents, mixtures and exposures). |
| EPA Categorized List of Inert Pesticide Ingredients | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1987 & 2005. Office of Pesticide Programs. Inert (other) Pesticide Ingredients in Pesticide Products - Categorized List of Inert (other) Pesticide Ingredients. |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1999. Toxics Release Inventory Program. PBT Chemical Rule. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | DiPalma, J.A., J. Cunningham, J. Herrera, T. McCaffery, and D. Wolf. Occupational and Industrial Toxin Exposures and the Gastrointestinal Tract. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 86(9): 1107-1117. 1991. (Table 2: Selected Agents with Purported Digestive System Injury)., US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html, Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996., LaDou, J. (ed.). Occupational Medicine. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CN. 1990., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA. Roadmaps to Sources of Information on Chemicals Listed in the Emergency Planning Community and Community Right-to-Know Act (Also Known as SARA Title 3), Section 313 Toxic Release Inventory (for Microcomputers). (Report Number EPADFDK92040). 1991. Data file distributed in 2 diskettes by Office of Pollution, Prevention, and Toxics, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. NOTE: Datasource no longer being maintained by EPA; not currently available online. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | US EPA. Roadmaps to Sources of Information on Chemicals Listed in the Emergency Planning Community and Community Right-to-Know Act (Also Known as SARA Title 3), Section 313 Toxic Release Inventory (for Microcomputers). (Report Number EPADFDK92040). 1991. Data file distributed in 2 diskettes by Office of Pollution, Prevention, and Toxics, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. NOTE: Datasource no longer being maintained by EPA; not currently available online., Frazier , L. and M. L. Hage (eds.). Reproductive Hazards of the Workplace, Wiley Europe, 1998. Table 10 (Partial List of Reproductive Toxicants) available at http://www.pharmacy.ohio-state.edu/homepage/safety/chemhygiene_table_repro.pdf. |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens (July 2004) can be obtained from http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html.-MC |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006 | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006 |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2007 |
| RTECS®- "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J 1986 | RTECS®- "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J., Prague, Czechoslovakia, Avicenum, 1986 -,94,1986 |
| RTECS®- American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 1958 | RTECS®- American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. (AIHA, 475 Wolf Ledges Pkwy., Akron, OH 44311) V.19- 1958- 19,353,1958 |
| RTECS®- American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 1958 | RTECS®- American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. (AIHA, 475 Wolf Ledges Pkwy., Akron, OH 44311) V.19- 19,353,1958 |
| RTECS®- Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland) 1985 | RTECS®- Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland). (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 28,85,1985 |
| RTECS®- Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland) 1985 | RTECS®- Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland). (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1975- 28,85,1985 |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1987 | RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.10- 1987- 10(Suppl 10),1,1987 |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1988 | RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.10- 1987- 12(Suppl 13),103,1988 |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1987 | RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.10- 10(Suppl 10),1,1987 |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1988 | RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.10- 12(Suppl 13),103,1988 |
| RTECS®- Environmental Science Research 1982 | RTECS®- Environmental Science Research. (Plenum Pub. Corp., 233 Spring St., New York, NY 10013) V.1- 1972- 25,75,1982 |
| RTECS®- Environmental Science Research 1982 | RTECS®- Environmental Science Research. (Plenum Pub. Corp., 233 Spring St., New York, NY 10013) V.1- -1972 25,75,1982 |
| RTECS®- In Vitro 1978 | RTECS®- In Vitro. (Rockville, MD) V.1-20, 1965-85. For publisher information, see ICDBEO. 14,290,1978 |
| RTECS®- MSHA STANDARD-air: 3,161,1971 | RTECS®- MSHA STANDARD-air: 3,161,1971 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1998 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 397,271,1998 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1998 | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- -1964 397,271,1998 |
| RTECS®- National Technical Information Service | RTECS®- National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information. PB257-185 |
| RTECS®- National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series 4402 | RTECS®- National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series. (Research Triangle Park, NC 27709) No.206- NIH-00-4402 |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Construc): 29,1926 1994 | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Construc): 29,1926.55,1994 |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Fed Cont): 41,50-204 1994 | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Fed Cont): 41,50-204.50,1994 |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Gen Indu): 29,1910 1994 | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Gen Indu): 29,1910.1000,1994 |
| RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Shipyard): 29,1915 1993 | RTECS®- OSHA PEL (Shipyard): 29,1915.1000,1993 |
| RTECS®- Progress in Mutation Research 1981 | RTECS®- Progress in Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. Co., Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York, NY 10017) V.1- 1981- 1,195,1981 |
| RTECS®- Progress in Mutation Research 1981 | RTECS®- Progress in Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. Co., Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York, NY 10017) V.1- 1981- 1,626,1981 |
| RTECS®- Progress in Mutation Research 1981 | RTECS®- Progress in Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. Co., Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York, NY 10017) V.1- 1,195,1981 |
| RTECS®- Progress in Mutation Research 1981 | RTECS®- Progress in Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. Co., Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York, NY 10017) V.1- 1,626,1981 |
| RTECS®- Teratology, The International Journal of Abnormal Development 1984 | RTECS®- Teratology, The International Journal of Abnormal Development. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.1- 1968- 29(2),25A,1984 |
| RTECS®- Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry 1987 | RTECS®- Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry. (Gordon & Breach Science Pub. Inc., 1 Park Ave., New York, NY 10016) V.3(3/4)- 15,101,1987 |
| RTECS®- Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry 1987 | RTECS®- Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry. (Gordon & Breach Science Pub. Inc., 1 Park Ave., New York, NY 10016) V.3(3/4)- 1981- 15,101,1987 |
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