Government, industry, academic studies and classifications |
| government/industry list/academic study |
appears on list as |
classification(s) |
| Grassian VH, O | NANO TITANIUM DIOXIDE | Mice subacutely exposed to 2-5 nm TiO(2) nanoparticles showed a significant but moderate inflammatory response among animals at week 0, 1, or 2 after exposure that resolved by week 3 postexposure. |
| Degussa AG, 1994 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No penetration of the outermost layer of skin |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | TITANIUM OXIDE | Toxic under the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory |
| Wu J, Liu W, Xue C, Zhou S, Lan F, Bi L, et al, 2009 | NANO-SCALE TITANIUM DIOXIDE | Organ system toxicity after dermal exposure for hairless mouse |
| Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and non-food products intended for consumers concerning Titanium Dioxide, 2000 | TITANIUM DIOXIDE | SCCNFP review of Titanium Dioxide did not identify relevant in vivo reproductive/developmental toxicity studies |
| Baun A, Hartmann NB, Grieger K, Kusk KO, 2008 | NANO TITANIUM DIOXIDE | Nano titanium dioxide and other nanoparticles are generally toxic to aquatic invertebrates at low mg per liter concentrations. |
| Brezová V, Gabčová S, Dvoranová D et al, 2005 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM, EXTRACTED FROM SUNSCREEN | Irradiation of titanium dioxide powder in different solvents (water, dimethyl sulfoxide, isopropyl myristate) resulted in the generation of oxygen-centered reactive radical species |
| Ahn MH, Kang CM, Park CS, Park SJ, Rhim T, Yoon PO, Chang HS, Kim SH, Kyono H, Kim KC, 2005 | TITANIUM DIOXIDE | TiO2 induces goblet cell hyperplasia (GCH) and Muc5ac expression, and this process may be associated with increased production of Interleukin-13 by mast cells. |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | TITANIUM DIOXIDE | Immune suppression * - Limited |
| FDA Color Additive Status | TITANIUM DIOXIDE | Cosmetics: Y; Food: Y; Drugs: Y; Eye: Y |
| FDA Color Additive Status | TITANIUM DIOXIDE | Medical Device |
| Schaefer H, Lademann J, 2001 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No absorption into skin |
| R-Christ, Merck E, Darmstadt, 1994 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No penetration of the outermost layer of skin |
| Environment Canada Domestic Substance List | TITANIUM OXIDE (TIO2) | Y-Categorization,Y-Human health,Moderate-Health Priority,Y-Persistent,,,,,, |
| FDA Everything Added to Food | TITANIUM DIOXIDE | • ASP |
| Wang JJ, Sanderson BJ, Wang H, 2007 | ULTRAFINE TIO2 | UF-TiO(2) (less than 100 nm diameter) can cause genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in cultured human cells. |
| Sayes CM, Wahi R, Kurian PA, Liu Y, West JL, Ausman KD, et al, 2006 | NANOSCALE TITANIA (RUTILE, ANATASE) | Nanoscale titanium dioxide particles induced cytotoxicity in human lung cell cultures; the most cytotoxic mineral forms of titanium dioxide generated more reactive oxygen species. |
| Long TC, Tajuba J, Sama P et al, 2007 | COMMERCIAL TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOMATERIAL DEGUSSA P25 | 25 nm titanium dioxide nanomaterial similar in size to those used in sunscreens stimulates ROS in BV2 microglia and is nontoxic to isolated N27 neurons. However, the material rapidly damages neurons at low concentrations in complex brain cultures, plausib |
| Kang SJ, Kim BM, Lee YJ et al, 2008 | TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES | Results suggest that nano-TiO(2) induces ROS generation in lymphocytes, significantly increasing micronucleus formation and DNA breakage. |
| Grassian VH, O'Shaughnessy P T, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Pettibone JM, Thorne PS, 2007 | TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES | Mice subacutely exposed to 2-5 nm TiO(2) nanoparticles via inhalation (concentration: 8.88 mg/m(3)) showed a significant but moderate inflammatory response among animals at week 0, 1, or 2 after exposure that resolved by week 3 postexposure. |
| Mavon A, Miquel C, Lejeune O, Payre B, Moretto P, 2007 | TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No TiO(2) was detected in the follicle, viable epidermis or dermis following skin application. |
| Chen HW, Su SF, Chien CT, Lin WH, Yu SL, Chou CC, et al, 2006 | TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES | NanoTiO2 (19-21 nm size) induced severe pulmonary emphysema in adult male mice. |
| Sayes CM, Wahi R, Kurian PA, Liu Y, West JL, Ausman KD, et al, 2006 | TITANIUM DIOXIDE | Generates reactive oxygen species upon exposure to sunlight. |
| Gamer, A, 2006 | TITANIUM DIOXIDE | The amounts of titanium found in the tape strips and skin preparations were in the order of the analytical determination limit. No Ti was found in the receptor fluid at any sampling time. |
| Brunner TJ, Wick P, Manser P, Spohn P, Grass RN, Bruinink A, et al, 2006 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | micronized titanium dixoxide found to mitochondria in human (MSTO-211H) cells |
| Alvarez-Roman, 2004 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | Smaller particles accumulate in hair follicles more than larger particles, particles do not absorb into skin |
| Weisse, 1994 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No penetration of egg membrane |
| Sterry W, 1997 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No penetration of the outermost layer of skin, Titanium dioxide found at openings of hair follicles |
| Schulz J, Hohenberg H, Pflucker F, Gartner E, Will T, Pfeiffer S, et al, 2002 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No penetration of the outermost layer of skin |
| Spruce SR, 1993 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No penetration of the outermost layer of skin |
| Popov AP, Priezzhev AV, Lademann J, Myllyla R, 2005 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No penetration of the outermost layer of skin |
| Menzel F, Reinert T, Vogt J, Butz T, 2004 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | Penetration into epidermis, No titanium dioxide in hair follicles |
| Pflucker H, Wendel V, Hohenberg H, Gartner E, Will T, Pfeiffer S, et al, 2001 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No penetration of the outermost layer of skin. Titanium dioxide found at openings of hair follicles, but did not absorb into follicle cells |
| Long TC, Saleh N, Tilton RD, Lowry GV, Veronesi B, 2006 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | Produces damaging reactive oxygen species upon in vitro |
| Lademann J, Weigmann H, Rickmeyer C, Barthelmes H, Schaefer H, Mueller G, et al, 1999 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No absorption into skin |
| Kertész Z, Szikszai Z, Uzonyi I, Simon A, Kiss Á, 2005 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No absorption into skin |
| Jue-Chen, 1990 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No absorption into skin |
| Gamer AO, Leibold E, van Ravenzwaay B, 2006 | MICRONIZED TITANIUM DIOXIDE | No absorption into skin |
| Nanomaterial Database | TITANIUM DIOXIDE | potential nano-scale ingredient |
| NIOSH Occupational Carcinogens | TITANIUM DIOXIDE | NIOSH potential occupational carcinogens |
| Nanomaterial Database | NANO-SCALE INGREDIENT | nano-scale ingredient |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | TITANIUM DIOXIDE | IARC GROUP 2B |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | TITANIUM DIOXIDE | SD: No;PE: 15 mg/m3, total dust;TL: 10 mg/m3;ID: 5000 mg/m3;MA: 1.5 mg/m3, respirable fraction; |
| CTFA International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook | TITANIUM DIOXIDE | Color Additives - Exempt from Batch Certification by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration |
| IFRA Fragrance Ingredient List | TITANIUM OXIDE (TIO2) | reported as used in fragrance compounds in 2008 |
| California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, 2004 | TITANIUM DIOXIDE | Cancer Hazards: suspected |
references |
| government/industry list/academic study
| reference
|
| Open scientific literature | Grassian VH, O |
| Open scientific literature | Degussa AG. 1994. The in-vitro percutaneous absorpion through human abdominal epidermis of titanium dioxide from Titanium dioxide T 805 formulation. |
| EPA Toxic Release Inventory PBTs | EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1999. Toxics Release Inventory Program. PBT Chemical Rule. |
| Open scientific literature | Wu J, Liu W, Xue C, Zhou S, Lan F, Bi L, et al. 2009. Toxicity and penetration of TiO(2) nanoparticles in hairless mice and porcine skin after subchronic dermal exposure. Toxicol Lett 191(1): 1-8. |
| Open scientific literature | Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and non-food products intended for consumers concerning Titanium Dioxide. Colipa n° S75. Adopted by the SCCNFP during the 14th plenary meeting of 24 October 2000 |
| Open scientific literature | Baun A, Hartmann NB, Grieger K, Kusk KO. 2008. Ecotoxicity of engineered nanoparticles to aquatic invertebrates: a brief review and recommendations for future toxicity testing. Ecotoxicology. 2008 Jul;17(5):387-95. Epub 2008 Apr 19. |
| Open scientific literature | Brezová V, Gabčová S, Dvoranová D et al. Reactive oxygen species produced upon photoexcitation of sunscreens containing titanium dioxide (an EPR study). Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 2005; 79 (2):121-34. |
| Open scientific literature | Ahn MH, Kang CM, Park CS, Park SJ, Rhim T, Yoon PO, Chang HS, Kim SH, Kyono H, Kim KC. 2005. Titanium dioxide particle-induced goblet cell hyperplasia: association with mast cells and IL-13. Respir Res. 2005 Apr 13;6:34 |
| CHE Toxicant and Disease Database | CHE (The Collaborative on Health and the Environment). 2006. Toxicant and Disease Database. |
| FDA Color Additive Status | FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) 2006. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Color Additive Status List. September 2006. |
| Open scientific literature | Schaefer H, Lademann J. 2001. The role of follicular penetration: a differential view. Appl Skin Physiol 14(suppl 1): 23-27. |
| Open scientific literature | R-Christ, Merck E, Darmstadt. 1994. The in vitro percutaneous Nn-Penetration of Titanium Dioxide from Eusolex TA and Eusolex TC formulations through human abdominal epidermis (Summarising Report). Project 15424: Report no. 1. |
| Environment Canada Domestic Substance List | EC (Environment Canada). 2008. Domestic Substances List Categorization. Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) Environmental Registry. |
| FDA Everything Added to Food | FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration). 2008. EAFUS [Everything Added to Food]: A Food Additive Database. FDA Office of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. |
| Open scientific literature | Wang JJ, Sanderson BJ, Wang H. Cyto- and genotoxicity of ultrafine TiO2 particles in cultured human lymphoblastoid cells. Mutat Res 2007; 628 (2):99-106. |
| Open scientific literature | Sayes CM, Wahi R, Kurian PA, Liu Y, West JL, Ausman KD, et al. 2006. Correlating nanoscale titania structure with toxicity: a cytotoxicity and inflammatory response study with human dermal fibroblasts and human lung epithelial cells. Toxicol Sci 92(1): 174-85. |
| Open scientific literature | Long TC, Tajuba J, Sama P et al. Nanosize titanium dioxide stimulates reactive oxygen species in brain microglia and damages neurons in vitro. Environ Health Perspect 2007; 115 (11):1631-7. |
| Open scientific literature | Kang SJ, Kim BM, Lee YJ et al. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles trigger p53-mediated damage response in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Environ Mol Mutagen 2008. |
| Open scientific literature | Grassian VH, O'Shaughnessy P T, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Pettibone JM, Thorne PS. 2007. Inhalation exposure study of titanium dioxide nanoparticles with a primary particle size of 2 to 5 nm. Environ Health Perspect 115(3): 397-402. |
| Open scientific literature | Mavon A, Miquel C, Lejeune O, Payre B, Moretto P. 2007. In vitro percutaneous absorption and in vivo stratum corneum distribution of an organic and a mineral sunscreen. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 20(1): 10-20. |
| Open scientific literature | Chen HW, Su SF, Chien CT, Lin WH, Yu SL, Chou CC, et al. 2006. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce emphysema-like lung injury in mice. Faseb J 20(13): 2393-2395. |
| Open scientific literature | Sayes CM, Wahi R, Kurian PA, Liu Y, West JL, Ausman KD, et al. 2006. Correlating nanoscale titania structure with toxicity: a cytotoxicity and inflammatory response study with human dermal fibroblasts and human lung epithelial cells. Toxicol Sci 92(1): 174-185. |
| Open scientific literature | Gamer, A. O., E. Leibold, et al. (2006). "The in vitro absorption of microfine zinc oxide and titanium dioxide through porcine skin." Toxicology in Vitro 20: 301-307. |
| Open scientific literature | Brunner TJ, Wick P, Manser P, Spohn P, Grass RN, Bruinink A, et al. 2006. In vitro cytotoxicity of oxide nanoparticles: comparison to asbestos, silica, and the effect of particle solubility. Environ Sci Technol 40: 4374-81. |
| Open scientific literature | {Alvarez-Roman, 2004} |
| Open scientific literature | {Weisse, 1994} |
| Open scientific literature | Sterry W. 1997. Investigation of alumina/silica coated titanium dioxide particles TIOVEIL AQ-N (Tioxide Specialties LTD). Berlin: Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin Medizinische Fakultat Charite Dermatologische Universitatsklinik und Poliklinik |
| Open scientific literature | Schulz J, Hohenberg H, Pflucker F, Gartner E, Will T, Pfeiffer S, et al. 2002. Distribution of sunscreens on skin. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 54(suppl 1): S157-S63. |
| Open scientific literature | Spruce SR. 1993. Skin penetration with TIOVEIL formulations. Tioxide internal report. |
| Open scientific literature | Popov AP, Priezzhev AV, Lademann J, Myllyla R. 2005. TiO2 nanoparticles as an effective UV-B radiation skin-protective compound in sunscreens. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 38: 2564-70. |
| Open scientific literature | Menzel F, Reinert T, Vogt J, Butz T. 2004. Investigations of percutaneous uptake of ultrafine TiO2 particles at the high energy ion nanoprobe LIPSION. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 220: 82-86. |
| Open scientific literature | Pflucker H, Wendel V, Hohenberg H, Gartner E, Will T, Pfeiffer S, et al. 2001. The human sratum corneum layer: an effective barrier against dermal uptake of different forms of topically apllied mironised itanium dioxide. Appl Skin Physiol 14(suppl 1): 92-97. |
| Open scientific literature | Long TC, Saleh N, Tilton RD, Lowry GV, Veronesi B. 2006. Titanium Dioxide (P25) produces reactive oxygen species in immortalized brain microglia (BV2): implications for nanoparticle neurotoxicity. Environmental Science & Technology 40(14): 4346-52. |
| Open scientific literature | Lademann J, Weigmann H, Rickmeyer C, Barthelmes H, Schaefer H, Mueller G, et al. 1999. Penetration of titanium dioxide microparticles in a sunscreen formulation into the horny layer and the follicular orifice. Skin pharmacology and applied skin physiology 12: 247-56. |
| Open scientific literature | Kertész Z, Szikszai Z, Uzonyi I, Simon A, Kiss Á. 2005. Development of a bio-PIXE setup at the Debrecen scanning proton microprobe. Nuclear Inst and Methods in Physics Research, B 231(1-4): 106-11. |
| Open scientific literature | {Jue-Chen, 1990} |
| Open scientific literature | Gamer AO, Leibold E, van Ravenzwaay B. 2006. The in vitro absorption of microfine zinc oxide and titanium dioxide through porcine skin. Toxicol In Vitro 20(3): 301-7. |
| Nanomaterial Database | NanoWerk. 2007. Nanomaterial Database. Available online: http://www.nanowerk.com/phpscripts/n_dbsearch.php |
| NIOSH Occupational Carcinogens | NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health). 2006. NIOSH Carcinogens List (Potential occupational carcinogens). http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npotocca.html. |
| Int'l Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Carcinogens | IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2008. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, as evaluated in IARC Monographs Volumes 1-99 (a total of 935 agents, mixtures and exposures). |
| National Library of Medicine HazMap | NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents. |
| CTFA International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook | CTFA (Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association). 2006. International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, 11th Edition. Color Additive Information. Washington, DC. |
| IFRA Fragrance Ingredient List | IFRA (International Fragrance Assocication). 2010. IFRA Fragrance Ingredient List based on 2008 Use Survey. Accessed online 01/04/2010: http://www.ifraorg.org/Home/News/Latest-News/page.aspx/66?xf_itemId=43&xf_selectionDatapartId=25 |
| Scorecard.org Toxicity Information | California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Prioritization Notices. http://www.oehha.org/prop65/CRNR_notices/state_listing/prioritization_notices/index.html. Chemicals on Candidate List for consideration under Proposition 65 due to high carcinogenicity concern (through March 2004). Chemicals under consideration for listing via the authoritative bodies mechanisms (through July 2004). |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2005 [shown for informational purposes only] | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2005 |
| RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006 [shown for informational purposes only] | RTECS®- TLV/BEI,2006 |
| RTECS®- "Cutaneous Toxicity, Proceedings of the 3rd Conference, 1976," Drill, V 1977 [shown for informational purposes only] | RTECS®- "Cutaneous Toxicity, Proceedings of the 3rd Conference, 1976," Drill, V.A., and P. Lazar, eds., New York, Academic Press, Inc. 1977 -,127,1977 |
| RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1993 [shown for informational purposes only] | RTECS®- Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.10- 1987- 21,160,1993 |
| RTECS®- Mutation Research 1998 [shown for informational purposes only] | RTECS®- Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- -1964 414,15,1998 |
| RTECS®- Toxicologist 2005 [shown for informational purposes only] | RTECS®- Toxicologist. (Soc. of Toxicology, Inc., 475 Wolf Ledge Parkway, Akron, OH 44311) V.1- -1981 44,213,2005 |
| RTECS®- Toxicologist 2005 [shown for informational purposes only] | RTECS®- Toxicologist. (Soc. of Toxicology, Inc., 475 Wolf Ledge Parkway, Akron, OH 44311) V.1- -1981 44,294,2005 |
| RTECS®- Toxicologist 2002 [shown for informational purposes only] | RTECS®- Toxicologist. (Soc. of Toxicology, Inc., 475 Wolf Ledge Parkway, Akron, OH 44311) V.1- -1981 66,118,2002 |
| RTECS®- Toxicologist 2002 [shown for informational purposes only] | RTECS®- Toxicologist. (Soc. of Toxicology, Inc., 475 Wolf Ledge Parkway, Akron, OH 44311) V.1- -1981 66,353,2002 |
| RTECS®- Toxicology In Vitro 1987 [shown for informational purposes only] | RTECS®- Toxicology In Vitro. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.1- 1987- 1,71,1987 |
| RTECS®- Toxicology Letters 2003 [shown for informational purposes only] | RTECS®- Toxicology Letters. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1977- 142,71,2003 |
| RTECS®- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances 1994 [shown for informational purposes only] | RTECS®- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M St., SW, Washington, DC 20460) History unknown. #86940001000,1994 |
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