U.S. MINING DATABASE
Mining Law Threatens California's
National Parks; Other Areas at Risk
MAIN
ANALYSIS
link to this map
zoom to nat'l park/monument
Death Valley National Park
Devils Postpile National Monument
Joshua Tree National Park
Kings Canyon National Park
Lava Beds National Monument
Mojave National Preserve
Redwood National Park
Sequoia National Monument
Sequoia National Park
Yosemite National Park
zoom to roadless areas
Angeles Forest Roadless Area
Cleveland Forest Roadless Area
Eldorado Forest Roadless Area
Humboldt-Toiyabe Forest Roadless Area
Inyo Forest Roadless Area
Klamath Forest Roadless Area
Lake Tahoe Basin Mgt. Unit Forest Roadless Area
Lassen Forest Roadless Area
Los Padres Forest Roadless Area
Mendocino Forest Roadless Area
Modoc Forest Roadless Area
Plumas Forest Roadless Area
Rogue River Forest Roadless Area
San Bernardino Forest Roadless Area
Sequoia Forest Roadless Area
Shasta-Trinity Forest Roadless Area
Sierra Forest Roadless Area
Siskiyou Forest Roadless Area
Six Rivers Forest Roadless Area
Stanislaus Forest Roadless Area
Tahoe Forest Roadless Area
zoom to wilderness areas
Agua Tibia Wilderness
Ansel Adams Wilderness
Argus Range Wilderness
Big Maria Mountains Wilderness
Bigelow Cholla Garden Wilderness
Bighorn Mountain Wilderness
Black Mountain Wilderness
Bright Star Wilderness
Bristol Mountains Wilderness
Bucks Lake Wilderness
Cadiz Dunes Wilderness
Carrizo Gorge Wilderness
Carson-Iceberg Wilderness
Castle Crags Wilderness
Chanchelulla Wilderness
Chemehuevi Mountains Wilderness
Chimney Peak Wilderness
Chuckwalla Mountains Wilderness
Chumash Wilderness
Cleghorn Lakes Wilderness
Clipper Mountain Wilderness
Coso Range Wilderness
Coyote Mountains Wilderness
Cucamonga Wilderness
Darwin Falls Wilderness
Dead Mountains Wilderness
Death Valley Wilderness
Desolation Wilderness
Dinkey Lakes Wilderness
Domeland Wilderness
El Paso Mountains Wilderness
Emigrant Wilderness
Fish Creek Mountains Wilderness
Funeral Mountains Wilderness
Garcia Wilderness
Golden Trout Wilderness
Golden Valley Wilderness
Granite Chief Wilderness
Grass Valley Wilderness
Hauser Wilderness
Hollow Hills Wilderness
Hoover Wilderness
Ibex Wilderness
Imperial Refuge Wilderness
Indian Pass Wilderness
Inyo Mountains Wilderness
Ishi Wilderness
Jacumba Wilderness
John Muir Wilderness
Joshua Tree Wilderness
Kaiser Wilderness
Kelso Dunes Wilderness
Kiavah Wilderness
Kingston Range Wilderness
Lava Beds Wilderness
Little Chuckwalla Mountains Wilderness
Little Picacho Wilderness
Machesna Mountain Wilderness
Malpais Mesa Wilderness
Manly Peak Wilderness
Marble Mountain Wilderness
Mecca Hills Wilderness
Mesquite Wilderness
Mojave Wilderness
Mokelumne Wilderness
Mt. Shasta Wilderness
Newberry Mountains Wilderness
Nopah Range Wilderness
North Algodones Dunes Wilderness
North Fork Wilderness
North Mesquite Mountains Wilderness
Old Woman Mountains Wilderness
Orocopia Mountains Wilderness
Otay Mountain Wilderness
Owens Peak Wilderness
Pahrump Valley Wilderness
Palen/McCoy Wilderness
Palo Verde Mountains Wilderness
Phillip Burton Wilderness
Picacho Peak Wilderness
Pine Creek Wilderness
Piper Mountain Wilderness
Piute Mountains Wilderness
Resting Spring Range Wilderness
Rice Valley Wilderness
Riverside Mountains Wilderness
Rodman Mountains Wilderness
Russian Wilderness
Sacatar Trail Wilderness
Saddle Peak Hills Wilderness
San Gabriel Wilderness
San Gorgonio Wilderness
San Jacinto Wilderness
San Mateo Canyon Wilderness
San Rafael Wilderness
Santa Lucia Wilderness
Santa Rosa Wilderness
Sawtooth Mountains Wilderness
Sequoia-Kings Canyon Wilderness
Sespe Wilderness
Sheep Mountain Wilderness
Sheephole Valley Wilderness
Silver Peak Wilderness
Siskiyou Wilderness
South Nopah Range Wilderness
South Sierra Wilderness
South Warner Wilderness
Stateline Wilderness
Stepladder Mountains Wilderness
Surprise Canyon Wilderness
Sylvania Mountains Wilderness
Trilobite Wilderness
Trinity Alps Wilderness
Turtle Mountains Wilderness
Ventana Wilderness
Whipple Mountains Wilderness
Yolla Bolly-Middle Eel Wilderness
Yosemite Wilderness
Pick region
Agua Tibia Wilderness
Angeles Forest Roadless Area
Ansel Adams Wilderness
Argus Range Wilderness
Big Maria Mountains Wilderness
Bigelow Cholla Garden Wilderness
Bighorn Mountain Wilderness
Black Mountain Wilderness
Bright Star Wilderness
Bristol Mountains Wilderness
Bucks Lake Wilderness
Cadiz Dunes Wilderness
Carrizo Gorge Wilderness
Carson-Iceberg Wilderness
Castle Crags Wilderness
Chanchelulla Wilderness
Chemehuevi Mountains Wilderness
Chimney Peak Wilderness
Chuckwalla Mountains Wilderness
Chumash Wilderness
Cleghorn Lakes Wilderness
Cleveland Forest Roadless Area
Clipper Mountain Wilderness
Coso Range Wilderness
Coyote Mountains Wilderness
Cucamonga Wilderness
Darwin Falls Wilderness
Dead Mountains Wilderness
Death Valley National Park
Death Valley Wilderness
Desolation Wilderness
Devils Postpile National Monument
Dinkey Lakes Wilderness
Domeland Wilderness
El Paso Mountains Wilderness
Eldorado Forest Roadless Area
Emigrant Wilderness
Fish Creek Mountains Wilderness
Funeral Mountains Wilderness
Garcia Wilderness
Golden Trout Wilderness
Golden Valley Wilderness
Granite Chief Wilderness
Grass Valley Wilderness
Hauser Wilderness
Hollow Hills Wilderness
Hoover Wilderness
Humboldt-Toiyabe Forest Roadless Area
Ibex Wilderness
Imperial Refuge Wilderness
Indian Pass Wilderness
Inyo Forest Roadless Area
Inyo Mountains Wilderness
Ishi Wilderness
Jacumba Wilderness
John Muir Wilderness
Joshua Tree National Park
Joshua Tree Wilderness
Kaiser Wilderness
Kelso Dunes Wilderness
Kiavah Wilderness
Kings Canyon National Park
Kingston Range Wilderness
Klamath Forest Roadless Area
Lake Tahoe Basin Mgt. Unit Forest Roadless Area
Lassen Forest Roadless Area
Lava Beds National Monument
Lava Beds Wilderness
Little Chuckwalla Mountains Wilderness
Little Picacho Wilderness
Los Padres Forest Roadless Area
Machesna Mountain Wilderness
Malpais Mesa Wilderness
Manly Peak Wilderness
Marble Mountain Wilderness
Mecca Hills Wilderness
Mendocino Forest Roadless Area
Mesquite Wilderness
Modoc Forest Roadless Area
Mojave National Preserve
Mojave Wilderness
Mokelumne Wilderness
Mt. Shasta Wilderness
Newberry Mountains Wilderness
Nopah Range Wilderness
North Algodones Dunes Wilderness
North Fork Wilderness
North Mesquite Mountains Wilderness
Old Woman Mountains Wilderness
Orocopia Mountains Wilderness
Otay Mountain Wilderness
Owens Peak Wilderness
Pahrump Valley Wilderness
Palen/McCoy Wilderness
Palo Verde Mountains Wilderness
Phillip Burton Wilderness
Picacho Peak Wilderness
Pine Creek Wilderness
Piper Mountain Wilderness
Piute Mountains Wilderness
Plumas Forest Roadless Area
Redwood National Park
Resting Spring Range Wilderness
Rice Valley Wilderness
Riverside Mountains Wilderness
Rodman Mountains Wilderness
Rogue River Forest Roadless Area
Russian Wilderness
Sacatar Trail Wilderness
Saddle Peak Hills Wilderness
San Bernardino Forest Roadless Area
San Gabriel Wilderness
San Gorgonio Wilderness
San Jacinto Wilderness
San Mateo Canyon Wilderness
San Rafael Wilderness
Santa Lucia Wilderness
Santa Rosa Wilderness
Sawtooth Mountains Wilderness
Sequoia Forest Roadless Area
Sequoia National Monument
Sequoia National Park
Sequoia-Kings Canyon Wilderness
Sespe Wilderness
Shasta-Trinity Forest Roadless Area
Sheep Mountain Wilderness
Sheephole Valley Wilderness
Sierra Forest Roadless Area
Silver Peak Wilderness
Siskiyou Forest Roadless Area
Siskiyou Wilderness
Six Rivers Forest Roadless Area
South Nopah Range Wilderness
South Sierra Wilderness
South Warner Wilderness
Stanislaus Forest Roadless Area
Stateline Wilderness
Stepladder Mountains Wilderness
Surprise Canyon Wilderness
Sylvania Mountains Wilderness
Tahoe Forest Roadless Area
Trilobite Wilderness
Trinity Alps Wilderness
Turtle Mountains Wilderness
Ventana Wilderness
Whipple Mountains Wilderness
Yolla Bolly-Middle Eel Wilderness
Yosemite National Park
Yosemite Wilderness
Mining claim holders within 10 miles of Mojave National Preserve
Top 10 claimants within 5 miles
Claim Holder
Claims
inside the
boundary
Claimed
before 2003
Claimed
in 2003
Claimed
in 2004
Claimed
in 2005
Claimed
in 2006
Claimed
in 2007
Claims
within
10 miles
Viceroy Gold Corp
9
573
0
0
0
0
0
573
Molycorp Inc
13
324
0
0
0
0
0
324
Robert G Wetzel
0
0
0
25
0
8
212
245
Stephanie Johns
0
183
0
0
0
0
0
183
Donald Rockwell
0
183
0
0
0
0
0
183
Steven K Johns
0
183
0
0
0
0
0
183
Harold Riggs
0
183
0
0
0
0
0
183
James D Hooker
0
183
0
0
0
0
0
183
Becki M Vincent
0
183
0
0
0
0
0
183
Walter B Simmons II
0
183
0
0
0
0
0
183
Deborah Rockwell
0
183
0
0
0
0
0
183
Cougar Gold Llc
0
0
0
0
0
0
173
173
Pilot Plant Inc
0
99
0
0
0
0
0
99
Pass Minerals Inc
0
96
0
0
0
0
0
96
Kiminco Inc
0
96
0
0
0
0
0
96
Debra L Matheson
0
96
0
0
0
0
0
96
PVB Metals Inc
0
90
0
0
0
0
0
90
PVH Placers Inc
0
90
0
0
0
0
0
90
PVS Minerals Inc
0
90
0
0
0
0
0
90
Silver Mesa Mining Inc
0
90
0
0
0
0
0
90
Bond Gold Richmond
79
79
0
0
0
0
0
79
Omya California Inc
61
66
6
0
0
0
0
72
Vanderbilt Minerals
66
66
0
0
0
0
0
66
Nicholas R Barr
0
0
0
30
25
0
0
55
J Lorene Caffee
47
47
0
0
0
0
0
47
Georgia Marble Land Co
36
36
0
0
0
0
0
36
James W Cole
28
28
0
0
0
0
0
28
Beverly Wigglesworth
28
28
0
0
0
0
0
28
Larry Adams
1
0
0
0
26
0
0
26
Joy Adams
1
0
0
0
26
0
0
26
Clayton Adams
1
0
0
0
26
0
0
26
Jake Adams
1
0
0
0
26
0
0
26
Kelly Adams
1
0
0
0
26
0
0
26
William T Brown
1
0
0
0
26
0
0
26
Linda G Brown
1
0
0
0
26
0
0
26
Sarah E Brown
1
0
0
0
26
0
0
26
Ronald W Driscoll
0
0
0
24
0
0
0
24
Kokoweef Inc
0
0
0
0
0
24
0
24
Carlwood Capital Corp
0
22
0
0
0
0
0
22
Crescent Corp
0
22
0
0
0
0
0
22
Agromax LLC
0
22
0
0
0
0
0
22
A J Glenn Consulting Inc
0
22
0
0
0
0
0
22
ASI Specialities Ltd #210
0
22
0
0
0
0
0
22
Billijen Corp #210
0
22
0
0
0
0
0
22
The Decapolis Group LLC
0
22
0
0
0
0
0
22
Dennis Benson
3
22
0
0
0
0
0
22
Frank Schwartz
0
0
0
0
21
0
0
21
Margie Higgs
0
0
0
0
21
0
0
21
Carter J Higgs
0
0
0
0
21
0
0
21
Ricky Lawton
0
0
0
0
21
0
0
21
Linda Lawton
0
0
0
0
21
0
0
21
Brian Lawton
0
0
0
0
21
0
0
21
Carrie Sieben
0
0
0
0
21
0
0
21
Roy D Higgs
0
0
0
0
21
0
0
21
Elizabeth Julian
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
20
Khanh T Nguyen
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
20
Cornelia A Snyder
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
20
Jessica J Anderson
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
20
Bill Benson
1
20
0
0
0
0
0
20
Walter D Perkins
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
20
Carol G Perkins
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
20
Michael Casey
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
20
James L Barnes
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
20
Russell E Manley
0
19
0
0
0
0
0
19
John H Denton
0
18
0
0
0
0
0
18
Sally Denton
0
18
0
0
0
0
0
18
Robert L Coleman
17
17
0
0
0
0
0
17
Roberta D Coleman
17
17
0
0
0
0
0
17
Arizona Resources
0
0
0
0
0
0
16
16
M William Tilden Esq
16
16
0
0
0
0
0
16
Fay R Ray
16
16
0
0
0
0
0
16
William Fuller
0
15
0
0
0
0
0
15
Ceramite Inc
14
14
0
0
0
0
0
14
Benson Minerals Inc
14
14
0
0
0
0
0
14
Kate Fuller
0
13
0
0
0
0
0
13
Donald Hales
0
13
0
0
0
0
0
13
Timothy Seaton
0
13
0
0
0
0
0
13
Dennis Vincent
0
13
0
0
0
0
0
13
Rick J Vincent
0
13
0
0
0
0
0
13
Cascade Energy & Metal
11
12
0
0
0
0
0
12
Emerson A Ray
11
11
0
0
0
0
0
11
Monte E Ray
11
11
0
0
0
0
0
11
Unicorp Financial Corp
11
11
0
0
0
0
0
11
Henry Bates
10
10
0
0
0
0
0
10
Jane Carlisle
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
10
Lorene Bates
10
10
0
0
0
0
0
10
Humitech Development Corp
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
10
Robert C Ray
10
10
0
0
0
0
0
10
Graciela Diaz
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
10
Ert Steven J Van
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
9
Anthony Domingo
9
9
0
0
0
0
0
9
Carroll E Collis
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
9
Charles R Collis
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
9
Marne Debow
8
8
0
0
0
0
0
8
Sharron Domingo
8
8
0
0
0
0
0
8
Ralph E Lewis
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
8
Connie Ray
8
8
0
0
0
0
0
8
Terrence N Timmins
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
7
Cal-rock Sales Llc
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
7
Mildred Wilson
7
7
0
0
0
0
0
7
Farrell Drozd
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
6
Kenneth R Matheson
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
6
Patrick B Matheson
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
6
Peter A Simon II
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
6
Giolliosa Fuller
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
6
Tungsten Springs Inv Grp Ltd
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
Scott Gesicki
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
5
Monica Gesicki
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
5
James Debow
5
5
0
0
0
0
0
5
Explorations Inc of Nevada
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
5
Jerry Shelsta
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
5
Stephanie Shelsta
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
5
Michael Anderson
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
5
D Keely
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
5
Maureen Martin
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
5
Dorothy Hafenfeld
5
5
0
0
0
0
0
5
Robert Hafenfeld
5
5
0
0
0
0
0
5
Dolores Hutchison
5
5
0
0
0
0
0
5
Vernon D Ray
5
5
0
0
0
0
0
5
Carmen Stephens
5
5
0
0
0
0
0
5
Robert Stephens
5
5
0
0
0
0
0
5
Vicky Pike Griffith
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
5
Mary P Snider
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
5
Maria J Ross
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
5
J Kent Snider
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
5
William D Deignan
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
5
Specialty Mins Inc
5
5
0
0
0
0
0
5
Lisa Manns
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
5
Debra L Anderson
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
4
Kely Davis
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
4
Stephen T Bryant
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
4
Kern Davis
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
4
Roger Mollett
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
4
Farley Stroud
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
4
Eula Mulran
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
4
Greer Stroud
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
4
Lucinda Stroud
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
4
Whitni Stroud
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
4
William F Stroud
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
4
Ralph E Pray
0
0
0
0
0
3
1
4
Ed Nazelrod
0
3
0
0
1
0
0
4
Joseph R Mathewson
0
0
0
0
0
3
1
4
Kenneth Bayer
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
4
Purisima C Laconico
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
3
John L Rocco
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
3
Neal R Morris
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
3
Mark White
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
3
Joan Sullivant
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
3
Dennis P Dwyer
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Caltalc Inc
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
3
Joe Sacks
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Daniel W Golden
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
Perry Massie
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
Jack R Kummerfeld
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
Tom Massie
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
Keith C Kummerfeld
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
Ronald F Wessman
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
Lillie Kummerfeld
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
Gloria J Ryder
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
Priscilla Kummerfeld
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
Raymond A Kummerfeld
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
Thomas J Kummerfeld
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
Diana Dee Buzzelli
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
David Brian Buzzelli
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
Desert Pacific Resources Inc
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
Charles Crosby
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
Alfred J Peppiatt
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
Us Mining & Minerals Corp
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
Norine L Crosby
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
Alvin C Peppiatt
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
Jake Hartwick
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
Lynn Hartwick
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
Keith R Kummerfeld
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
George Massie
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
Eva Kummerfeld
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
Western Mining Trust No 80
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
Michael L Stovall
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Norma E Pierce
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Jerry O Day Jr
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Ted Krupka
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
Lori J Morrow
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
Searchlight Minerals Corp
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Cynthia L Knox
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Elisa Day
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Rebecca Taratuta
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
Mark Hutchens
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
James E Sharp
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Richard D Pennington
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
David E Knox
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Dow Bowthorpe
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
David Taratuta
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
Kathy Hutchens
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
Ben Barnes
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Jodi Bowthorpe
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
John Mcchurch
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
Leo Corbett
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Margaret Mcchurch
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
Olivia A Tearnan
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Jerry Stringham
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Henry Sandoc
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
Bill Guay
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
M R Rambo
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Anna Bergman
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
Eugene Phebus
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Margaret Rambo
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Jim Bergman
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
Charles G Moore
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
David A Alcantara
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Estella Suttles
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Gary Schreiner
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
Us Mining & Minerals Corp
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Geotech Mining Inc
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Ronald L Suttles
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Michael D Anderson
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Michael D Anderson
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
John H Corcoran
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Patrick B Matheson
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
James Skidmore
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Kirby D Peres
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
Crystal Cave Mining Co
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
William G Whipple
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Robyn J Peres
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
William White
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
Larry Hahn
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Janet Smith
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Harold E Burrier
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Bryan Chamchoum
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
June Day
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
David Hutchens
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
Ralph Wolak
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
Christina Chamchoum
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Wayne Day
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Romona Hutchens
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
Geosource Mining Co
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Adam B Stovall
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Manuela Chamchoum
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Evon Y Day
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Lynn Schaffter
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
Larry N Morrow
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
Company/individual with uranium interests