Dishonorable Discharge

Toxic Pollution of America's Waters

By Jackie, Chris, Richard, August 1996

Under existing federal pollution control laws, the
American people are kept in the dark about the vast majority of toxic pollution spewed into the
environment by U.S. industry. Even the most comprehensive toxic pollution reporting system in the
nation, the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), accounts for only about 5 percent of all toxic pollution
of the environment each year (GAO 1991, EPA 1996c).

Most pollution of America's waters is unregulated and
unmonitored -- allowing polluters to pollute with little fear of regulation or disclosure. A 1994
study by the General Accounting Office, a research and auditing arm of the Congress, found that the
majority of toxic pollutants discharged from 200 of 236 pesticide, pharmaceutical, and paper plants
it examined, were so-called "uncontrolled" pollutants that are exempt from regulation under the
pollution permitting process of the Clean Water Act (GAO 1994). The Environmental Working Group
estimates that the total load of toxic pollution in most rivers, streams, lakes, and bays over the
past five years may be 20 times greater than the amounts reported in Dishonorable
Discharge.

More than one billion pounds of toxic chemicals were
discharged directly to America's waters between 1990 and 1994, according to TRI records analyzed in
Dishonorable Discharge. An additional 450 million pounds were discharged to the nation's waters by
polluting facilities, via sewage treatment plants built and operated at the expense of American
taxpayers.

The Most Polluted Waters

More than 700 million pounds of toxic chemicals were
reported dumped into the Mississippi River between 1990 and 1994, more than twice the amount of toxic
chemicals dumped into all other U.S. waters combined. Ninety percent of this pollution came from
three fertilizer plants in Louisiana, which dumped 643 million pounds of toxic substances in the
Mississippi during this five year period. The next most polluted waters, in terms of toxic chemical
discharges, were the Pacific Ocean, the Ohio and Tennessee Rivers, the Houston Ship Channel, Ward
Cove in Alaska, the Savannah River between Georgia and South Carolina, and the Delaware River,
between New Jersey and Pennsylvania. More than 1 million pounds of toxic chemicals were dumped
directly into each of 63 different rivers, harbors, and bays between 1990 and 1994.

For 80 percent of rivers and waters receiving toxic
pollution, one polluter accounted for all reported toxic discharges during the five year period
analyzed; for 92.7 percent of all waters, three or fewer polluters accounted for all reported toxic
discharges during this time. Bearing in mind the significant shortcomings with TRI data, these
figures nonetheless suggest that significant water quality improvements in some watersheds might be
achieved through efforts that target a few major polluters.

More rivers receive huge amounts of toxic effluent via
"publicly owned treatment works" (POTWs), commonly known as sewer systems. Huge amounts of toxic
material are "transferred" to sewage treatment plants by polluters, in part because regulations
governing disposal of toxics in this fashion are even weaker than the discharge permits required
under the federal Clean Water Act. The EPA does not count these transfers as releases to the
environment in the TRI, although the agency estimates that 25 percent of the toxic chemicals sent to
sewage treatment plants flow through these facilities to receiving waters (EPA 1996b).

Dishonorable Discharge presents the first estimates of the
portion of these so-called toxic "transfers" to POTWs, a large share of which is discharged to
specific rivers and bodies of water. In many cases rivers that receive relatively little direct
toxic pollution are the targets of enormous amounts of toxics via sewage treatment plant outflow.
For example, less than 1 million pound of toxics were directly dumped into the Illinois River between
1990 and 1994, compared to an estimated 13 million pounds discharged to the river basin via sewage
treatment plants during that same period of time. Gravelly Run in Virginia received 6.3 million
pounds of direct discharges, between 1990 and 1994, in contrast to an estimated 20 million pounds of
toxics that may have been dumped into it via the sewage treatment plant during that same five year
period. By EWG estimates, the Kalamazoo River in Michigan, the Sacramento River in California, and
Onondaga Lake in Syracuse, New York, may have received more than 95 times the amount of toxic
chemicals via sewage treatment plants than were directly discharged into these waters. EWG estimates
that the Raritan River in New Jersey received 50,000 times more toxic pollution from POTWs (12.6
million pounds) than the TRI reported as being directly discharged into that river between 1990 and
1994.

Chemical Discharges

More phosphoric acid, ammonia, and sulfuric acid were
discharged to Americas' waters between 1990 and 1994 than any other chemicals in the TRI, at 544
million, 188 million, and 122 million pounds respectively. Phosphoric acid and ammonia present
serious threats to the aquatic environment when discharged in large quantities such as those reported
here, because they can be converted to the nutrients phosphate and nitrogen in water. Phosphate and
nitrogen are primarily responsible for the low-oxygen conditions that threaten whole ecosystems such
as the Chesapeake Bay and portions of the Gulf of Mexico.

Sulfuric acid discharges to water are no longer reported
to the TRI. The compound, however, continues to be dumped to waters in substantial amounts and
contributes substantially to disruptions of local ecosystems. Temporary but significant increases in
acidity of waterbodies are likely to occur near major sulfuric acid discharge points, which can in
turn create toxic conditions for aquatic life by liberating toxic metals that are chemically bound to
sediment under normal conditions.

Highly Toxic Discharges

The vast majority of toxic chemicals have not been fully
studied for their health and environmental effects. At a minimum, however, all of the chemicals
reported here have triggered one of the EPA criteria for TRI listing. (See sidebar, How Toxic is
Toxic?).

Based on official determinations by federal and state
health and environmental officials, TRI records indicate that nearly 30 million pounds of
carcinogens, reproductive toxins, or persistent toxic metals were discharged directly to waters
during this five year period. Fifteen (15) million pounds were persistent toxic metals like arsenic,
lead, chromium, and zinc, which last in the environment virtually forever. Another 11.5 million
pounds of material released into water were carcinogenic industrial chemicals like formaldehyde,
chloroform, vinyl chloride and benzene, and nearly 5 million pounds of the pollutants were
reproductive toxins such as toluene, lead, and nickel.

Carcinogens. Eastman Kodak Company dumped more cancer causing chemicals into the nation's
waters than any other company, 879,000 pounds between 1990 and 1994, according to the TRI. All of
these discharges went into the Genesee River in New York. Kodak was followed by Cytec Industries in
Wallingford, Connecticut, Weyerhauser and Longview Fibre Companies, both of Longview Washington, and
Pfizer Inc. of Groton, Connecticut.

The Columbia River received the most cancer causing toxic chemical discharges between 1990 and 1994,
at 1.39 million pounds, followed by the Quinnipiac River in Connecticut, the Genesee River in New
York, the Mississippi River, and the Thames River