EWG Report || BodyBurden 2 - The Pollution in Newborns

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FULL REPORT

News Release

1: Executive summary

2: Babies are vulnerable to chemical harm

3: Human health problems on the rise

4: Recommendations

Detailed findings

Methodology

Questions and Answers

References

About This Report

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References for Information on Health Effects

Information on known and suspected health effects associated with industrial chemicals found in cord blood were drawn from the following sources:

ECB (European Chemicals Bureau). 2005. Classification and Labelling: Chemicals: Annex I of Directive 67/548/EEC. Annex I of Directive 67/548/EEC - list of harmonised classifications and labellings for substances or groups of substances. European Union's ECB, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection.
California EPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). 2005. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986. Chemicals known to the State to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity. May 27, 2005. Available online at http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html.
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2004. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, as evaluated in IARC Monographs Volumes 1-88 (a total of 900 agents, mixtures and exposures). Last updated July 22 2004. Available online at http://www-cie.iarc.fr/monoeval/crthall.html.
NTP (National Toxicology Program). 2005. NTP Center for the Evaluation fo Risks to Human Reproduction (CERHR). NTP-CERHR Reports and Monographs. Available online at http://cerhr.niehs.nih.gov/reports/index.html.
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) 2004. ACGIH cancer classification system. www.acgih.org.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2005a. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Evidence for human carcinogenicity based on 1999 guidelines. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/iris/index.html.
ED (Environmental Defense). 2005. Scorecard: The Pollution Information Site. Health Effects. Available online at http://www.scorecard.org/health-effects/.

Toxicity information drawn from the Environmental Defense "Scorecard" database is derived from the sources listed below, as listed in ED (2005).

Skin or Sense Organ Toxicity References

From the Health Effects section of Scorecard

There is no generally accepted source for an authoritative list of chemicals that are recognized to cause skin or sensory organ toxicity.

Environmental Defense's list of suspect skin or sensory organ toxicants is compiled from the following sources:

AEGL: US EPA, National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances. Notices. 62 Federal Register: 58839-58851 (October 30, 1997)

ATSDR: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Minimal risk Levels for Hazardous Substances. January 2003. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls.html

CARB-TAC: California Air Resources Board. Toxic Air Contaminant Fact Sheets. http://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/tac/tac.htm.

EDF: See Environmental Defense's Custom Hazard Identification documentation.

EEC: European Economic Community. Sensitizing Substances in the EEC List of Dangerous Substances. Annex I to Council Directive 67/548/EEC. http://www.kemi.se/default_eng.cfm?page=klass_mark/klasshem_eng.htm

EPA-HEN: US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html

EPA-TRI: US EPA. Addition of Certain Chemicals; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting; Community Right to Know. Proposed and Final Rules. 59 Federal Register 1788 (Jan 12, 1994); 59 Federal Register 61432 (November 30, 1994). Summarized in Hazard Information on Toxic Chemicals Added to EPCRA Section 313 Under Chemical Expansion. http://www.epa.gov/tri/chemical/hazard_cx.htm

HARV: Harvell, J., M. Bason and H. Maibach. Contact Urticaria and its Mechanisms. Food Chemistry and Toxicology 32(2): 103-112. 1994. (Table 2: Substances identified as capable of causing contact urticaria).

HAZMAP: A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects: Dermatotoxin. http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html

KLAA: Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996. (Tables 18-2: Selected Chemicals Causing Skin Burns, Table 18-3: Common Contact Allergens, Table 18- 6: Selected Phototoxic Agents, Table 18-8: Causes of Chloracne).

LADO: LaDou, J. (ed.). Occupational Medicine. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CN. 1990. (Table 17-1: Occupational phototoxic dermatitis: Causes and workers affected, Table 17-4: Common causes of occupational allergic contact dermatitis and typical occupational groups affected, Table 17-5: Established causes of occupational vitiligo, Table 17-8: Occupational cutaneous carcinogens and occupations with significant exposure).

LOCK: Lock, E.A., and E. Harpur. Toxicology of Sensory System: A Perspective. Human and Experimental Toxicology. 11(6): 442-448. 1992. (Table 1: Chemicals that induce olfactory lesions in experimental animals by either inhalation and/or non-inhalation routes).

LU: Lu, F.C. Basic Toxicology. 2nd Edition. 1991. (Appendix 15-1: Cataractogenic Chemicals).

NJ-FS: New Jersey Department of Health Services. Right to Know Program, NJDOH, Trenton, NJ. http://www.state.nj.us/health/eoh/rtkweb/rtkhsfs.htm

NTP-HS: National Toxicology Program. Chemical Repository of Health and Safety Data. http://ntp-db.niehs.nih.gov/NTP_Reports/NTP_Chem_H&S/NTP_Chem8/Radian[Insert CAS#].txt

OEHHA-AREL: California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Acute Reference Exposure Levels (RELs), Averaging Times, and Toxicologic Endpoints. Includes all Acute Reference Exposure Levels (ARELs) developed by OEHHA through May 2000http://www.oehha.org/air/acute_rels/allAcRELs.html

OEHHA-CREL: California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part III: Technical Support Document "Determination of Noncancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels". Includes all Chronic Reference Exposure Levels (CRELs) adopted by OEHHA as of September 2002 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/AllChrels.html, plus draft CRELS proposed through September 2002 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/index.html.

RTECS: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation.

TIMB: Timbrell, J.A. Introduction to Toxicology. Taylor and Francis, New York. 1995. (Table 5.1: Types of skin sensitizers).

Respiratory Toxicity References

From the Health Effects section of Scorecard

There is no generally accepted source for an authoritative list of chemicals that are recognized to cause respiratory toxicity.

Environmental Defense's list of suspect respiratory toxicants is compiled from the following sources:

AEGL: US EPA, National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances. Notices. 62 Federal Register: 58839-58851 (October 30, 1997)

ATSDR: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Minimal risk Levels for Hazardous Substances. January 2003. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls.html

CAA-AQC: US EPA, Office of Research and Development.
Air Quality Criteria for Oxides of Nitrogen, Volume III Washington, DC. August 1993. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/nox/s_nox_index.html
Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants, Volume III Washington, DC. July 1996. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/ozone/s_o3_index.html
Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter, Volume III Washington, DC. April 1996.http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/pm/s_pm_index.html
Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter and Sulfur Oxides, Volume III Washington, DC. December 1982.http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/so2/s_so2_index.html

CARB-TAC: California Air Resources Board. Toxic Air Contaminant Fact Sheets. http://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/tac/tac.htm.

EDF: See Environmental Defense's Custom Hazard Identification documentation.

EPA-HEN: US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html

FOTH: Foth, H. Role of the Lung in Accumulation and Metabolism of Xenobiotic compounds - Implications for Chemically Induced Toxicity. Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 25(2): 165-205. 1995. (Table 1:Toxic Damage of Lung by Foreign Compounds).

HAZMAP: A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects: Lung Toxin and Other Poison - Chemical Asphyxiant, Simple Asphyxiant . http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html. Chemicals Associated with Occupational Asthma. http://www.haz-map.com/OA1.html

KLAA: Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996. (Table 15-1: Industrial Toxicants that Produce Lung Disease).

LADO: LaDou, J. (ed.). Occupational Medicine. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CT. 1990. (Table 39-1: Major pollutants associated with adverse pulmonary effects).

LU: Lu, F.C. Basic Toxicology. 2nd Edition. 1991. (Appendix 11-1: Site of Action and Pulmonary Disease Produced by Selected Occupationally Inhaled Toxicants).

NEME: Nemery, B. Metal Toxicity and the Respiratory Tract. European Respiratory Journal. 3(2): 202-219. 1990.(Table 1: Summary of pulmonary toxicity of metals).

NJ-FS: New Jersey Department of Health Services. Right to Know Program, NJDOH, Trenton, NJ. http://www.state.nj.us/health/eoh/rtkweb/rtkhsfs.htm

NTP-HS: National Toxicology Program. Chemical Repository of Health and Safety Data. http://ntp-db.niehs.nih.gov/NTP_Reports/NTP_Chem_H&S/NTP_Chem8/Radian[Insert CAS#].txt

RTECS: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation.

Reproductive Toxicity References

From the Health Effects section of Scorecard

P65: The most current and authoritative list of chemicals that are recognized to cause reproductive toxicity is California's Proposition 65 . Substances are placed on the Proposition 65 list of chemicals "known to the state of California to cause reproductive toxicity" if an independent science advisory board has concluded they possess sufficient evidence of such toxicity in animals or humans, or if an authoritative organization such as the National Toxicology Program have reached a similar conclusion, or if a federal regulatory agency requires a reproductive toxicity warning label. The Proposition 65 list identifies whether a chemical is a male or female reproductive toxicant. The current Proposition 65 List of Reproductive Toxicants (July 2003) can be obtained from http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html.

A number of chemicals have toxicological evidence of reproductive toxicity that currently does not satisfy the sufficiency criteria used to list agents under Proposition 65, or that has not yet been finally evaluated by hazard identification processes in the state of California or other authoritative agencies. Environmental Defense's list of suspect reproductive toxicants is compiled from the following sources:

ATSDR: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Minimal risk Levels for Hazardous Substances. January 2003. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls.html

CERHR: National Toxicology Program Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction. NTP-CERHR Briefs and Expert Panel Reports. http://cerhr.niehs.nih.gov/

EDF: See Environmental Defense's Custom Hazard Identification documentation.

EPA-HEN: US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html

EPA-SARA: US EPA. Roadmaps to Sources of Information on Chemicals Listed in the Emergency Planning Community and Community Right-to-Know Act (Also Known as SARA Title 3), Section 313 Toxic Release Inventory (for Microcomputers). (Report Number EPADFDK92040). 1991. Data file distributed in 2 diskettes by Office of Pollution, Prevention, and Toxics, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. NOTE: Datasource no longer being maintained by EPA; not currently available online.

FRAZIER: Frazier , L. and M. L. Hage (eds.). Reproductive Hazards of the Workplace, Wiley Europe, 1998. Table 10 (Partial List of Reproductive Toxicants) available at http://www.pharmacy.ohio-state.edu/ homepage/safety/chemhygiene_table_repro.pdf.

HAZMAP:A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects: Other Tissue Toxin - Reproductive Toxin. http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html

JANK: Jankovic, J. A Screening Method for Occupational Reproductive Health Risk. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 57: 641-649. 1996.

KEMI-DAN: Hass U et al. Reproductive Toxicants in the Working Environment (In Danish.). Reproduktionsskadende kemiske stoffer i arbejdsmiljoet. AMI-rapport Nr. 35/1991. National Institute of Occupational Health, Copenhagen, DK. 1991.

NTP-R: Chapin, R.E. and R.A. Sloane. NIEHS/NTP Reproductive Assessment by Continuous Breeding: Evolving Study Design and Summaries of Ninety Studies. Environmental Health Perspectives 105, Supplement 1: 199-394. 1997. http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/1997/Suppl-1/chapin.html

OEHHA-CREL: California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part III: Technical Support Document "Determination of Noncancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels". Includes all Chronic Reference Exposure Levels (CRELs) adopted by OEHHA as of September 2002 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/AllChrels.html), plus draft CRELS proposed through September 2002 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/index.html).

P65-CAND: California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Chemicals under consideration for possible listing via the authoritative bodies mechanisms (through March 2003). http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/CRNR_notices/admin_listing/requests_info/

P65-MC: Hazard identification based on an extension of a Proposition 65 listing. Substance is either a member of a class that is a recognized Propositon 65 hazard, or is a class that contains a member that is a recognized Propositon 65 hazard. See Environmental Defense's Member Class Hazard Identification documentation.

P65-PEND: California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Notices of Intent to List . http://www.oehha.org/ prop65/CRNR_notices/admin_listing/intent_to_list/index.html. Chemicals noticed for listing under Proposition 65 because a body considered to be authoritative by the state's qualified experts has formally identified it as causing reproductive toxicity (through August 2003).

Musculoskeletal Toxicity References

From the Health Effects section of Scorecard

There is no generally accepted source for an authoritative list of chemicals that are recognized to cause musculoskeletal toxicity.

Environmental Defense's list of suspect musculoskeletal toxicants is compiled from the following sources:

ATSDR: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Minimal risk Levels for Hazardous Substances. January 2003. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls.html

EDF: See Environmental Defense's Custom Hazard Identification documentation.

EPA-HEN: US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html

RTECS: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation.

Neurotoxicity References

From the Health Effects section of Scorecard

There is no generally accepted source for an authoritative list of chemicals that are recognized to cause neurotoxicity.

Environmental Defense's list of suspect neurotoxicants is compiled from the following sources:

AEGL: US EPA, National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances. Notices. 62 Federal Register: 58839-58851 (October 30, 1997)

ATSDR: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Minimal risk Levels for Hazardous Substances. January 2003. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls.html

CAA-AQC: US EPA, Office of Research and Development. Air Quality Criteria for Carbon Monoxide. Washington, DC, December 1991. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/co/s_co_index.html

CARB-TAC: California Air Resources Board. Toxic Air Contaminant Fact Sheets. http://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/tac/tac.htm.

DAN: Nordic Council of Ministers and Danish National Institute of Occupational Health. Neurotoxic Substances in the Working Environment (Danish ad hoc list). List originally published in Neurotoxic Substances in the Work Environment, Danish Working Environment Service, At-report Nr. 13/1990.

DPR-CIP: California EPA, Department of Pesticide Regulation. Summary of Pesticide Use Report Data 2001 Indexed by Chemical: Use Trends of Cholinesterase Inhibiting Pesticides. http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pur/pur01rep/chmrpt01.pdf

EDF: See Environmental Defense's Custom Hazard Identification documentation.

EPA-HEN: US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html

EVAN: Evangelista, A.M. Behavioral Toxicology, Risk Assessment, and Chlorinated Hydrocarbons. Environmental. Health Perspectives. 104 (Supplement 2): 353-360. 1996. (Table 1: Comparison of behavioral toxicity of chlorinated hydrocarbons and related compounds).

FELD: Feldman, R.G. Role of the Neurologist in Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment. Environmental Health Perspectives. 104 (Supplement 2):227-237. 1996. (Table 1: Neurologic symptoms and associated exposures).

HAZMAP: A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects: Neurotoxin. http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html

KLAA: Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996. (Tables 16-1: Compounds Associated with Neuronal Injury, Table 16-2: Compounds Associated with Axonal Injury, Table 16-3: Compounds Associated with Injury of Myelin).

LU: Lu, F.C. Basic Toxicology. 2nd Edition. 1991. (Appendix 16-1: Selected Neurotoxicants).

MASL: Massachusetts Department of Public Health. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 105CMR 670.000 Administrative Bulletin Concerning Massachusetts Substance List for "Right to Know" Law, M.G.L. 111F. 4/24/93. (Appendix A: Massachusetts Substance List)

NJ-FS: New Jersey Department of Health Services. Right to Know Program, NJDOH, Trenton, NJ. http://www.state.nj.us/health/eoh/rtkweb/rtkhsfs.htm

NTP-HS: National Toxicology Program. Chemical Repository of Health and Safety Data. http://ntp-db.niehs.nih.gov/NTP_Reports/NTP_Chem_H&S/NTP_Chem8/Radian[Insert CAS#].txt

RTECS: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation.

STAC: Stacey, N.H. Occupational Toxicology. Taylor & Francis. 1995. (Table 3.9: Occupational diseases - brain and spinal cord, Table 3.10: Occupations associated with an excess of brain cancer, Table 3.11: Agents capable of producing brain cancer in experimental animals, Table 3.12: Occupational diseases - mental disorders, Table 3.14: Agents causing occupational neuropathy).

TANN: Tanner, C. Occupational and Environmental Causes of Parkinsonism. Occupational Medicine 7(3): 5-3-513. (Table 2: Occupational and Environmental Causes of Parkinsonism).

ZAKR: Zakrzewski, S.F. Principles of Environmental Toxicology. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. 1997. (Table 7.4: TLV-TWA Values of Some Neurotoxins).

Gastrointestinal or Liver Toxicity References

From the Health Effects section of Scorecard

There is no generally accepted source for an authoritative list of chemicals that are recognized to cause liver or gastrointestinal toxicity.

Environmental Defense's list of suspect liver or gastrointestinal toxicants is compiled from the following sources:

ATSDR: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Minimal risk Levels for Hazardous Substances. January 2003. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls.html

ATSDR-FAQ: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. ToxFAQs. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html

CAA-AQC: US EPA, Office of Research and Development. Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants, Volume III Washington, DC. July 1996. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/ozone/s_o3_index.html

CARB-TAC: California Air Resources Board. Toxic Air Contaminant Fact Sheets. http://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/tac/tac.htm.

DIPA: DiPalma, J.A., J. Cunningham, J. Herrera, T. McCaffery, and D. Wolf. Occupational and Industrial Toxin Exposures and the Gastrointestinal Tract. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 86(9): 1107-1117. 1991. (Table 2: Selected Agents with Purported Digestive System Injury).

DOSS: Dossing, M. and P. Skinhoj. Occupational Liver Injury. Present State of Knowledge and Future Perspectives. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 56:1-21. 1985. (Table 2: Chemically induced liver injury: morphologic features and examples of confirmed and suspected causative agents).

EDF: See Environmental Defense's Custom Hazard Identification documentation.

EPA-HEN: US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html

EXTOX: EXtension TOXicology NETwork. Pesticide Information Profiles (PIPs). http://ace.ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/pips/pips.html

HAZMAP: A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Industrial Chemicals Associated with Toxic Hepatitis. http://www.haz-map.com/heptox1.htm

KLAA: Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996. (Table 13-2: Types of Hepatic Injury).

LADO: LaDou, J. (ed.). Occupational Medicine. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CT. 1990. (Table 20-1: Chemical Agents associated with occupational liver disease, Table 20-4: Agents causing acute hepatic injury).

MALA: Malachowsky, M.J. Health Effects of Toxic Substances. Government Institutes. Rockville, MD 1995. (Tables 7-2&3: Hepatotoxic Agents).

NJ-FS: New Jersey Department of Health Services. Right to Know Program, NJDOH, Trenton, NJ. http://www.state.nj.us/health/eoh/rtkweb/rtkhsfs.htm

RTECS: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation.

STAC: Stacey, N.H. Occupational Toxicology. Taylor & Francis. 1995. (Table 3.23: Clinical manifestations of chemical-induced gastrointestinal injury).

ZIMM: Zimmerman, H.J. and J.H. Lewis. Chemical- and Toxin-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 24(4): 1027-1045. 1995. (Table 3: Forms of environmental hepatic injury).

Kidney Toxicity References

From the Health Effects section of Scorecard

There is no generally accepted source for an authoritative list of chemicals that are recognized to cause kidney toxicity.

Environmental Defense's list of suspect kidney toxicants is compiled from the following sources:

AEGL: US EPA, National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances. Notices. 62 Federal Register: 58839-58851 (October 30, 1997).

ATSDR: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Minimal risk Levels for Hazardous Substances. January 2003. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls.html

CARB-TAC: California Air Resources Board. Toxic Air Contaminant Fact Sheets. http://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/tac/tac.htm.

EDF: See Environmental Defense's Custom Hazard Identification documentation.

EPA-HEN: US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html

HAZMAP: A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects: Other Tissue Toxin - Nephrotoxin. http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html

KLAA: Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996. (Table 14-2: Examples of Nephrotoxic Therapeutic Agents, Table 14-3: Examples of Environmental Nephrotoxicants).

LAND: Landrigan, P.J., Goyer, R.A. Clarkson, T.W., Sandler, D.P., Smith, J.H., Thun, M.J., and R. Wedeen. The Work-Relatedness of Renal Disease. Archives of Environmental Health. 39(3): 225-230. 1984. (Table 2: Estimated Numbers of Workers in the United States with Potential Occupational Exposures to Known or Suspect Nephrotoxins).

NJ-FS: New Jersey Department of Health Services. Right to Know Program, NJDOH, Trenton, NJ. http://www.state.nj.us/health/eoh/rtkweb/rtkhsfs.htm

MERCK: Merck & Co. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. TABLE 226-1. Common Nephrotoxic Agents http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/tables/226tb1.htm

OEHHA-CREL: California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part III: Technical Support Document "Determination of Noncancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels". Includes all Chronic Reference Exposure Levels (CRELs) adopted by OEHHA as of September 2002 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/AllChrels.html), plus draft CRELS proposed through September 2002 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/index.html).

RTECS: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation.

STAC: Stacey, N.H. Occupational Toxicology. Taylor & Francis. 1995. (Table 3.8: Examples of workplace exposures that have resulted in renal toxicity).

Immunotoxicity References

From the Health Effects section of Scorecard

There is no generally accepted source for an authoritative list of chemicals that are recognized to cause immunotoxicity.

Environmental Defense's list of suspect immunotoxicants is compiled from the following sources:

ATSDR: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Minimal risk Levels for Hazardous Substances. January 2003. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls.html

ATSDR-FAQ: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. ToxFAQs. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html

EDF: See Environmental Defense's Custom Hazard Identification documentation.

EPA-HEN: US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html

HAZMAP: A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects: Dermatotoxin - Skin Sensitizer or Photoallergic Contact Dermatitis. http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html

IPCS: nternational Programme of Chemical Safety Environmental Health Criteria 180. Principles and Methods for Assessing Direct Immunotoxicity Associated with Exposure to Chemicals. World Health Organization. Geneva, 1996. (Table 1: Examples of compounds that are immunotoxic for humans or rodents).

NAP: Nordic Council of Ministers (Nordic Allergy Project). Kriteriedokumenter fra nordisk allergiprojekt - vurdering af 50 kemiske stoffers evne til at forarsage allergi, en litteraturgennemgang. Nord 1991:51. Copenhagen, 1991.

NTP-I: National Toxicology Program. Summary Reports on Immunotoxicity. http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/htdocs/pub-IT0.html

RTECS: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation.

SNCI: Swedish National Chemicals Inspectorate. Labelling of chemical products, Swedish regulations and general advice with regard to the classification and labelling of chemical products hazardous to health, flammables and explosives. List of Allergenic Substances. National Chemicals Inspectorate, Solna, Sweden. 1987, 1990-1992.

Endocrine Toxicity References

From the Health Effects section of Scorecard

There is no generally accepted source for an authoritative list of chemicals that are recognized to cause endocrine toxicity.

Environmental Defense's list of suspect endocrine toxicants is compiled from the following sources:

ATSDR: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Minimal risk Levels for Hazardous Substances. January 2003. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls.html

BKH: BKH/European Commission. Towards the establishment of a priority list of substances for further evaluation of their role in endocrine disruption: - preparation of a candidate list of substances as a basis for priority setting. Final report-November 2000. http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/docum/01262_en.htm#bkh. Category 1 chemicals from Annex 1: Candidate list of 553 substances. http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/docum/bkh_annex_01.pdf

BRUC: Brucker-Davis, F. Effects of Environmental Synthetic Chemicals on Thyroid Function. Thyroid. 8(9): 827-856. 1998.

EDF: See Environmental Defense's Custom Hazard Identification documentation.

EPA-HEN: US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html

EPA-SDWA: UUS EPA. Announcement of the Draft Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List; Notice. 62 Federal Register 52193-52219 (October 6, 1997). (Table 6). http://www.epa.gov/safewater/ccl/dwccl.pdf

GUIL: Guillette, L. J., and E. Guillette. Environmental Contaminants and Reproductive Abnormalities in Wildlife: Implications for Public Health? Toxicology and Industrial Health. 12(3): 537-550. 1996.

IL-EPA: Illinois EPA. Endocrine Disruptors Strategy. 1997. (Table 1: Preliminary List of Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System Effects in Animals and Humans or In Vitro). http://www.nihs.go.jp/hse/environ/illiepatable.htm

JNIHS: Japanese National Institute of Health Sciences. Lists of Paradigmatic Chemicals. http://www.nihs.go.jp/hse/endocrine-e/paradigm/paradigm.html

KEIT: Keith, L.H. (ed.). Environmental Endocrine Disruptors. John Wiley & Sons, NY. 1997. http://www.wileyeurope.com/ cda/product/0,,0471191450%7Cdesc%7C3037,00.html

NJ-FS: New Jersey Department of Health Services. Right to Know Program, NJDOH, Trenton, NJ. http://www.state.nj.us/health/eoh/rtkweb/rtkhsfs.htm

RTECS: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation.

WWF: World Wildlife Fund. Our Stolen Future. Widespread Pollutants with Endocrine-disrupting Effects. http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemlist.htm. The WWF list is derived from references detailed at http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm and was originally published in: Colborn, T., F.S. vom Saal, and A.M. Soto. Developmental Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals In Wildlife and Humans. Environmental Health Perspectives 101(5): 378-384. 1993.

Developmental Toxicity References

From the Health Effects section of Scorecard

P65: The most current and authoritative list of chemicals that are recognized to cause developmental toxicity is California's Proposition 65 . Substances are placed on the Proposition 65 list of chemicals "known to the state of California to cause reproductive toxicity" if an independent science advisory board has concluded they possess sufficient evidence of such toxicity in animals or humans, or if an authoritative organization such as the National Toxicology Program have reached a similar conclusion, or if a federal regulatory agency requires a reproductive toxicity warning label. The Proposition 65 list identifies whether a chemical is a developmental toxicant. The current Proposition 65 List of Developmental Toxicants (July 2003) can be obtained from http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html.

A number of chemicals have toxicological evidence of developmental toxicity that currently does not satisfy the sufficiency criteria used to list agents under Proposition 65, or that has not yet been finally evaluated by hazard identification processes in the state of California or other authoritative agencies. Environmental Defense's list of suspect developmental toxicants is compiled from the following sources:

CAA-AQC: US EPA, Office of Research and Development. Air Quality Criteria for Oxides of Nitrogen, Volume III Washington, DC. August 1993. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/nox/s_nox_index.html
US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development. Air Quality Criteria for Carbon Monoxide. Washington, DC, December 1991. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/co/s_co_index.html

CERHR: National Toxicology Program Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction. NTP-CERHR Briefs and Expert Panel Reports. http://cerhr.niehs.nih.gov/

EDF: See Environmental Defense's Custom Hazard Identification documentation.

EPA-HEN: US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html

JANK: Jankovic, J. A Screening Method for Occupational Reproductive Health Risk. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 57: 641-649. 1996.

OEHHA-CREL: California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part III: Technical Support Document "Determination of Noncancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels". Includes all Chronic Reference Exposure Levels (CRELs) adopted by OEHHA as of September 2002 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/AllChrels.html), plus draft CRELS proposed through September 2002 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/index.html).

Cancer References

From the Health Effects section of Scorecard

P65: The most current and authoritative list of chemicals that are recognized to cause cancer is California's Proposition 65. Substances are placed on the Proposition 65 list of chemicals "known to the state of California to cause cancer" if an independent science advisory board has concluded they possess sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals or humans, or if an authoritative organization such as the International Agency for Research on Cancer or the National Toxicology Program have reached a similar conclusion, or if a federal regulatory agency requires a cancer warning label. The current Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens (July 2003) can be obtained from http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html.

A number of chemicals have toxicological evidence of carcinogenicity that currently does not satisfy the sufficiency criteria used to list agents under Proposition 65, or that has not yet been finally evaluated by the carcinogen identification processes in the state of California or other authoritative agencies.

Environmental Defense's list of suspect carcinogens is compiled from the following sources:

CPDB: Carcinogenic Potency Database. http://potency.berkeley.edu/app14.html
Environmental Defense reviewed this compilation of results on carcinogenicity in rats and mice covering 1298 chemicals and added any chemical with positive results in at least two species by a relevant route of exposure to its list of suspect carcinogens.

EDF: See Environmental Defense's Custom Hazard Identification documentation.

EPA-HEN: US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html

HAZMAP: A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects: Carcinogen (Known, Probable, Possible) and Lung Toxin-Lung Cancer. http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html

IARC: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs Programme on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lists of Group 1, 2a, and 2b substances can be obtained at http://monographs.iarc.fr/monoeval/grlist.html.

IRIS: US EPA, National Center for Environmental Assessment. Integrated Risk Information System. http://www.epa.gov/iriswebp/iris/index.html

NTP-BR: National Toxicology Program. Summary for Agents, Substances, Mixtures or Exposure Circumstances to be Reviewed in 2001-2002 for Possible Listing in the Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition. NTP Board of Scientific Counselors, NTP, Research Triangle Park, NC.http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/NewHomeRoc/11thConsideration.html

NTP-C: National Toxicology Program. 10th Report on Carcinogens (2002). http://ehis.niehs.nih.gov/roc/toc10.html

NTP-HS: National Toxicology Program. Chemical Repository of Health and Safety Data. http://ntp-db.niehs.nih.gov/NTP_Reports/NTP_Chem_H&S/NTP_Chem8/Radian[Insert CAS#].txt

OEHHA-TCD: California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Toxicity Criteria Database - OEHHA Cancer Potency Values . http://www.oehha.ca.gov/risk/pdf/CancerPotDec2002.pdf.

OPP-CAN: US EPA, Office of Pesticide Programs. List of Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential (5/10/2002). OPP, Washington, DC. http://www.epi.uci.edu/valleycenter/EPAListCarcinogenicChemicals.pdf

ORD-SF: US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Center. Risk Assessment Issue Paper for: Toxicity Information and Provisional Oral Slope Factor for Nitroglycerin. ORD, Washington, DC.

P65-CAND: California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Prioritization Notices. http://www.oehha.org/ prop65/CRNR_notices/state_listing/prioritization_notices/index.html.
Chemicals on Candidate List for consideration under Proposition 65 due to high carcinogenicity concern (through February 2003).
Chemicals under consideration for listing via the authoritative bodies mechanisms (through November 2000).

P65-MC: Hazard identification based on an extension of a Proposition 65 listing. Substance is either a member of a class that is a recognized Proposition 65 hazard, or is a class that contains a member that is a recognized Propositon 65 hazard. See Environmental Defense's Member Class Hazard Identification documentation.

P65-PEND: California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Notices of Intent to List . http://www.oehha.org/ prop65/CRNR_notices/admin_listing/intent_to_list/index.html.
Chemicals noticed for listing under Proposition 65 because a body considered to be authoritative by the state's qualified experts has formally identified it as causing cancer (through August 2003).

SCDM: US EPA, Office of Emergency Response and Remediation. Superfund Chemical Data Matrix. http://www.epa.gov/superfund/resources/scdm/index.htm

Cardiovascular or Blood Toxicity References

From the Health Effects section of Scorecard

There is no generally accepted source for an authoritative list of chemicals that are recognized to cause cardiovascular or blood toxicity.

Environmental Defense's list of suspect cardiovascular and blood toxicants is compiled from the following sources:

AEGL: US Environmental Protection Agency, National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances. Notices. 62 Federal Register: 58839-58851 (October 30, 1997)

ATSDR: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Minimal risk Levels for Hazardous Substances. January 2003. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls.html

BENO: Benowitz, N.L. Cardiotoxicity in the Workplace. Occupational Medicine. 7(3): 465-477. 1992. (Table 1: Chemical Toxins and Cardiovascular Disease).

CAA-AQC: US EPA, Office of Research and Development.
Air Quality Criteria for Carbon Monoxide. Washington, DC, December 1991. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/co/s_co_index.html
Air Quality Criteria for Oxides of Nitrogen, Volume III Washington, DC. August 1993. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/nox/s_nox_index.html
Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants, Volume III Washington, DC. July 1996. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/ozone/s_o3_index.html
Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter, Volume III Washington, DC. April 1996.http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/pm/s_pm_index.html

CARB-TAC: California Air Resources Board. Toxic Air Contaminant Fact Sheets. http://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/tac/tac.htm.

EDF: See Environmental Defense's Custom Hazard Identification documentation.

EPA-HEN: US EPA, Air Risk Information Support Center. Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html

HAZMAP: A Relational Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases. Industrial Chemicals: Methemoglobinemia Is the Primary Toxic Effect. http://www.haz-map.com/methem.html
Browse Haz-Map by Adverse Effects: Hematotoxin. http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/hazmapadv.html

IRIS: US EPA, National Center for Environmental Assessment. Integrated Risk Information System. http://www.epa.gov/iriswebp/iris/index.html

KLAA: Klaassen, C., M. Amdur and J. Doull (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Ed. Pergamon Press, NY. 1996. (Table 17-1: Cardiotoxicity of Key Pharmaceutical Agents, Table 17-2: Halogenated Hydrocarbons Reported to Have Arrhythmogenic Properties, Table 17-3: Cardiotoxicity of Selected Industrial Agents, Table 17-6: Vasculotoxic Agents: Heavy Metals, Table 17-7: Vasculotoxic Agents: Industrial and Environmental Agents, Table 17-8: Vasculotoxic Agents: Gases).

KRIS: Kristensen, T. S. Cardiovascular Diseases and the Work Environment. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environmental Health. 15:245-264. 1989. (Table 5: Classification of possible risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the work environment).

LADO: LaDou, J. (ed.). Occupational Medicine. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CN. 1990. (Table 14-1: Chemicals associated with methemoglobinemia or oxidative hemolysis, Table 14-3: Toxic substances associated with acquired porphyria in humans, Table 14-4: Chemicals reported to cause aplastic anemia in an occupational setting, Table 14-5: Toxic agents associated with isolated thrombocytopenia, Table 19-1: Classification of cardiovascular diseases and possible toxic causes).

MALA: Malachowsky, M.J. Health Effects of Toxic Substances. Government Institutes. Rockville, MD. 1995. (Table 7-1: Chemicals affecting blood).

NJ-FS: New Jersey Department of Health Services. Right to Know Program, NJDOH, Trenton, NJ. http://www.state.nj.us/health/eoh/rtkweb/rtkhsfs.htm

OEHHA-CREL:California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part III: Technical Support Document "Determination of Noncancer Chronic Reference Exposure Levels". Includes all Chronic Reference Exposure Levels (CRELs) adopted by OEHHA as of September 2002 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/AllChrels.html, plus draft CRELS proposed through September 2002 (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/index.html).

RTECS: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. See Environmental Defense's Suspect Hazard Identification documentation.

STAC: Stacey, N.H. Occupational Toxicology. Taylor & Francis. 1995. (Table 3.16: Examples of haematopoietic injury from workplace exposure, Table 3.22: Workplace exposures implicated in cardiovascular disease).